tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41631281410445857022024-03-13T02:33:10.082-07:00Biology - Block BMrs. D'Arcohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12689797137554517616noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-35032708398616837132011-05-02T16:47:00.000-07:002011-05-02T17:29:24.274-07:00Evolution of the internet<div style="text-indent: 0px;"><b><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span>.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Introduction</span></b></p></b></div><b> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The Internet is one of the major reason business, home, and other users purchase computers, to have</span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">access to it. The Internet is a widely used research tool, providing society with access to global information and instant </span></p></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">communication. The Inte</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">rnet, also called the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">net</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, is a wo</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">rld wide collection of networks that links million of business, government agencies, educational</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">institutions, and individuals. Toda, more than one billion home and business users around the world </span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">access a variety of services on the Internet.</span></p></b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 241px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZbdioV1mYZBsHneBF0XteD-HJhC1mKZ5oefymwEvKglaQ2zvDwSzZgs8n6iMX2NF4NhpBbiv9P20IfGqIOTkUlIg3CUzno6W_YWLTQaVbxa767P4EQbwSA0IwK8S1R2HC1-HQRBhr-bzu/s320/blog1.1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602279047653292994" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></p><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><p class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Figure 1. URL (uniform resource locator)</span></p></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><p></p></b></b></span><b><p></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b></b></span></span></p></b><div><b><b><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></b></p></b></b></div><div><b><b><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">2.</span><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Evolution</span></b></p></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The Internet has it roots in a networking project sta </span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">rted by the Pen</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">tagon’s Advanced Research Project Agency (</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ARPA), an ag</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ency of the US department of defense. AR</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">PA’s goal was to build</span></p></b></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">a network that<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Symbol;">:</span></span></p></b></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p></b></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Symbol;"></span></span></p></b></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Allowed scientists at different physical loca</span></p></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">tions to share informati</span></p></b></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">on and work together on military and scientific projects.</span></p></b></span></b></div><div><b><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">·</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Could function even if part of the network were disable or destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear attack.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The network was developed and it was given the name of</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b></b></b></span></p><b><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ARPANET. This network consisted of four main computers, on</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">e each located at the University of California at Los Angeles, the Univer</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">sity of California at San</span></p></b></b></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ta Barbara, the Stanford Research institute, and the University of Utah. Each of these computers served as a </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">host</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (more commonly known as a server, is any computer that provides services an</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b></b></b></span></p><b><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">d connections to other computers on a network) on the network. As researchers and others realized the great benefit of using ARPANET to share data and information. This network b</span></p></b></b></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">egan to grow rapidly until the National Science Foundation connected its huge network to ARPANET. This last configuration of complex net</span></p></b></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">works and hosts became known as the Internet.</span></p></b></b></span></b><p></p><p></p></b></div><div><b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 221px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HcBCOIQGlnub902gbr9S174gqVeQQUtFEnFqdofVjRb4XYe9GM6f3T8j4dTxkDqEWDL1Ot9vPjW2T8cRSMnl8M8kd9dJOjwRqYSJbH8AxKyMuX-KyBw3jPKfmKf_jNmmE9w18RcUscqh/s320/blog2.1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602277242272591106" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">Figure 2. ARPAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><b><b></b></b></b></b></span></p><b><b><b><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; ">ET computers</p></b></b></b></b><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><br /></span><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1"><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">3.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The World Wide Web (structu</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><b><b></b></b></b></span></p><b><b><b><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">re)</span></b></p></b></b></b><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Many people use the terms World Wide Web and Intern</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">et interchangeably; the World Wide Web actually is a service of the Internet. While the Internet developed in the late 1960s the World Wide Web developed in the early 1990s. Since then, it has grown phenomenally to become one of the more widely used Internet services. The World wide web (www), or web,</span></p></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents. Each electronic document is called a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Web page</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, which can contain text, graphics, animation, audio, and video. Additionally Web pages usually have built-in connections to other documents. A </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">web site</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is a collection of related Web pages and associated items, such as document and pictures, stored on a web server. A </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">web server</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer.</span></p></b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 263px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx5_9gArVp7BOQ_ajCnXTjafEih68Wb0ebMq0XIBkEA99HT1o8oLz-O0s6U_1KDbWNM3nFPJpA7_xQFOnt7vOaes5-5gliiGAt4tQS5PR-c-VFh6ytvdM5jIYqILBDesifnE5czHwX_W4L/s320/blog3.1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602274362488796738" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><p class="MsoNormal">Figure 3. The World Wide Web</p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1"><b><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">4.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Impact on the world</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The Internet gives us a way to communicate around the world breaking the distance barriers thanks to its velocity and availability. People around the world use a variety of Internet services in daily activities.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> Internet services allow home and business users to access the Web for activities such as conducting research, </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">reading blogs</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, or sharing videos; to send e-mail messages; or to converse with others using chat rooms, instant messaging. Somehow the internet created an other way to socialize, or even to live, because as the time goes more people are using it constantly. Today, more than 550 million hosts connect to the Internet.</span></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 298px; height: 297px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1KGxLnMpsko5dhZHSPRBl2hpKaayR8yKYab1Qu_p1kroOZkTEODqkPDAvn_7dSdvqt1BHnSgfTJcr_k-BFYdAXzOntNskVd-AC7agEJp7mXYSLmyjfUynj40QTPWl9RQ5h4Wtgq4C1t9U/s320/blog4.1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602275462759484274" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></b></p><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><p class="MsoNormal"> Figure 4. “It brakes our distance barriers”</p> <!--EndFragment--> </span></b><p></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">5.Journal Article Review</span></b></p></b><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">“</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Every increase in freedom to create or consume media, from paperback books to YouTube, alarms people accustomed to the restrictions of the old system, convincing them that the new media will make young people stupid”- </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The wall street journal.</span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">This article talks about the interaction between the Internet and the human intellectual capacity; it mentions Internet as being able to “feed” the human mind as the books do. But the only problem that interferes with widening our knowledge with the Internet is that the Internet is full of unnecessary information, or “junk,” that instead of helping our minds to develop, is going to hamper our minds to reach a higher level of knowledge. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvenauquJ6-1K91SNbyRgtUYIZYzUqVStPtHtgGIyQCnAYdFVzx1o3fLnq1tPQ8nz6bhF_J2oRMMBgdZAHs9wq7L1vEbghtTewuyTA_uRjy6UKqZHlsadGD3KkP0cwpKOfp0pKxykl8uFs/s320/blog5.1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602277930729189362" /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b></b></span></p><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; display: inline !important; "><b><b><b></b></b></b></p><b><b><b><b><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; display: inline !important; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;">6.</span>Sources</span></b></p></b></b></b></b></b><b><p></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -24px;"><b></b></p><b><p></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -24px;"><b></b></p><b><p></p></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -24px;"><b></b></p><b><p></p></b><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4"><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">·</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Shirky, C. (2010, June 4,). Does the Internet make you smarter? </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The Wall Street Journal On-line. </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Retrieve information from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704025304575284973472694334.html</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4"><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">·</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">DARPA / ARPA -- Defense / Advanced Research Project Agency</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (1997).</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Retrieve information from Living Internet: “the first book published on the web” web site: http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_darpa.htm</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">·</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Shelly, G. B., & Vermaat, M. E., (2011). </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Discovering computers: “Living in a digital world.”</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (pp. 74-81). Boston: Course Technology, Cenage learning.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </b><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div>Gustavohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513893157358426022noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-34216919609951980392011-05-01T20:46:00.000-07:002011-05-02T05:39:34.053-07:00Cartoons by Nico Moschetto.I.introduction<br />
<br />
Cartoons and animation are something this world has been able to appreciate for quite some time now. who could forget the classics like looney toons, and for my generation spongebob, courage the cowardly dog, ed edd and eddy, and dexter's laboratory. of course now the ever-so-popular japanese anime has dominated that market. but there are also a lot of new cartoons that people have taken a likeing to like, ben 10 (although overdone after the first season in my opinion), adventure time, mad, and my personal favorite, Regular Show. <br />
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<img alt="" aria-busy="true" aria-describedby="fbPhotoTheaterCaption" class="spotlight" height="300" src="http://a7.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc6/168686_118378551568109_118376684901629_138330_5230965_n.jpg" width="300" /><br />
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figure 1<br />
<br />
II. Discovery<br />
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The first animated film was created by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who invented the praxinoscope, an animation system using loops of 12 pictures. He presented his work on October 28th 1892 in Paris. He used an old fashoned projector to do so. stop motion animation was mainly used for real objects and was merely a bit shorter that the praxinoscope method. the idea was to take a picture of an object, move it slightly, then take another picture, and eventually the object would look like it was moving itself. these were the two earliest methods of animation. then, the walt disney company came around and dominated the animation maarket with the well known classic, snow white and the seven dwarfs. <br />
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III. Present day<br />
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Today, there are many different ways companies make cartoons and animation. for the 3D animated movies that are ever so popular but ever so time consuming and expensive, they use the CGI method. in this method, everything is computer generated, there is no hand drawn art. there is also the Cel-Shaded animation, which is most common for modern day cartoons like Regular Show. in this method, they start with a 3D model of the object. then the object is processed through a reendering engine and made flat on screen with black outlines. then through computer generation, the character is moved around and perfected to be put on screen. the third method is the stop motion method, which i mentioned earlier, believe it or not it is still used in a few popular shows, for example, robot chicken, on adult swim, is very popular today and is still currently running in its 5th season. <br />
<img height="240" id="il_fi" src="http://www.kollewin.com/EX/09-16-01/wallacegromit.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="320" /><br />
figure 2<br />
wallace and gromit. stop motion animation. also a great part of my early tv life.<br />
<br />
IV. Impact on the World<br />
<br />
Well, the world itself has a lot to be thankful for, more in some than others, but a lot none the less. teachers are thankful for teaching, parents are thankful for their jobs, well, those who are not part of this ungodly unemployment rate, but me? im a simple guy. I'm just thankful i can go home and enjoy a nice hilarious cartoon, like Family Guy, South Park, and Regular Show. The world also likes its fair share of cartoons. today there are 114.5 million tvs in households and about 290 million viewers. sure, some of these people dont watch cartoons, but come on, you cant tell me youve never seen a cartoon in your life, if youur american at least. <br />
<br />
V. journal article<br />
<br />
the Types of Animation article was very helpful in my research. it explained the types of animaiton with clarity and thouroughness without being lengthy and boring. it was my number 1 source for information. <br />
<br />
bibliography<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation</a><br />
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<a href="http://hhs.hilmar.k12.ca.us/Departments/FineArts/Animation/Types%20of%20Animation.htm">http://hhs.hilmar.k12.ca.us/Departments/FineArts/Animation/Types%20of%20Animation.htm</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/2045324">http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/2045324</a>Nico Moschettohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03036725584429210187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-54633085292928752832011-05-01T20:01:00.000-07:002011-05-02T06:30:52.685-07:00Artificial Intelligence<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">I.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Introduction</span></b></p><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the man-made intelligence of machines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>It is a form of computer science.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Ideally, a machine s</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">hould be able to think and act as human can.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>As stated in the video below, machines are very good at things we are not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>For example, long division and other things that requires us to process information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>But, they have trouble processing things through sight and senses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The goal of artificial intelligence is to be able to create a machine that can do both simultaneously.</span><br /></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">II.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">History</b></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The field of Artificial Intelligence was </span><span style="font-family:Arial;">founded at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>They created computers that could solve word problems in algebra, prove logical theorems, and speak English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Since then many improvements have been made. Artificial intelligence is now used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology industr</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">y. There are constant advances on this technology such as the computer, dubbed Watson (figure 1). A team of scientists built a computer to compete on the television show “Jeopardy.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>It handily defeated the greatest contestants, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. There have been many other examples like this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>And a computer dubbed Deep Blue became the first computer ches</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">s-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. Another example is when a Stanford robot won the DARPA Grand Challenge by driving for 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>A video that I found interesting was a video of a Robot dubbed iClub shooting a plastic bow and arrow.</span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(Figure 1)<span style="font-family:Arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJXw54-27A_x4a8D3aZvyoIToqZenYWcWMoJ71KOzw8LPLvUgfs6rLzoicaldfJpSsIyc3mNreo16-5UMDiN3KCAwIXj36pGCxgnxQodJ1p7Gt8coto-Pwi4o1UMIeoDBrPH1QPztGJY/s1600/watson.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 134px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601948939656056146" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJXw54-27A_x4a8D3aZvyoIToqZenYWcWMoJ71KOzw8LPLvUgfs6rLzoicaldfJpSsIyc3mNreo16-5UMDiN3KCAwIXj36pGCxgnxQodJ1p7Gt8coto-Pwi4o1UMIeoDBrPH1QPztGJY/s320/watson.jpg" /></a></span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The link is to the video of the Robot Archer </span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw</a></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">III.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Inventors</span></b></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;">There are no individual inventors for AI, but some of the first and major contributors were John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>John McCarthy was the one who coined the term Artificial Intelligence. He was awarded the Turing Award in 1971 for his major contributions to the science.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Marvin Minsky co-founded the Artificial Intelligence program at MIT.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>He was awarded the Turing Award in 1969, the Japan Prize in 1990, the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence in 1991, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Allen Newell contributed to the Information Processing Language and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine and the General Problem Solver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>He was also awarded the Turing award in 1975.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">IV.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Potential Effect on Humanity </span></b></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;">A common theme in the media is what happens if and when the machines achieve their full potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Another point that comes up is how will they react.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>In media it is portrayed as a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a conqueror/overlord (The Matrix), a partner (Cortana in Halo), and countless other examples.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Another concept that is often talked about is robot rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Theoretically, with artificial intelligence, the machines should be able to feel emotion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>If that happens, it begs the question; do the machines deserve the same rights as humans?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>This is extremely controversial and is often portrayed in science fiction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Another potential problem would be extreme unemployment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Machines have proven they can do things more efficiently and more quickly than humans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>If it becomes more cost productive to create machines than to use human labor, companies will be required to let people go.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These are all controversial ideas that are already argued.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These are probably being discussed prematurely though.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The video shows how the machines can learn to identify and judge what objects are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The link is to the video of the learning robot</span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9ByGQGiVMg"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9ByGQGiVMg</span></a></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">V.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Review of journal article <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The journal article that I chose was the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>It was an article that has been constantly revised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>It offered a fantastic introduction in the field of Artificial Intelligence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">VI.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">References</span></b></p><br /><br /><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Various authors. (1975-2011). “The Jounal of </span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Artificial Intelligence Research” Volume 40</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p><br /><br /><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">H. Papadopoulos, V. Vovk and A. Gammerman (2011) "Regression Conformal Prediction with Nearest Neighbours", Volume 40, pages 815-840 </span></p><br /><br /><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">T. De la Rosa, S. Jimenez, R. Fuentetaja and D. Borrajo (2011) "Scaling up Heuristic Planning with Relational Decision Trees", Volume 40, pages 767-813</span></p><br /><br /><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>W. Li, P. Poupart and P. van Beek (2011) "Exploiting Structure in Weighted Model Counting Approaches to Probabilistic Inference", Volume 40, pages 729-765 </span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Wikipedia (2011) “Artificial Intelligence”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence</span></p><br /><br /><h1 style="TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; MARGIN: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 0.25in; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;">Youtube (2009) “<span class="long-title">ASIMOs new artificial intelligence. (ASIMO is learning!)” </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></span></h1><br /><br /><br /><h1 style="TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; MARGIN: 0.1pt 0in 0.1pt 0.25in; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9ByGQGiVMg">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9ByGQGiVMg</a></span></h1><br /><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Youtube (2010) “Robot Archer iClub”</span></p><br /><br /><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw">http://</a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw</a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw">utube.com/watch?v=QCXvAqIDpIw</a></span></p>David Pruehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14832005103510938716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-7357236895084460792011-05-01T19:53:00.001-07:002011-05-01T19:56:21.498-07:00Sunglasses<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sunglasses-By Sarah King<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Introduction-Sunglasses are forms of eye wear that typically provide protection from the suns rays. Sunglasses can protect eyes from UV rays that can be harmful. Healthcare professionals often recommend wearing some sort of eye protection while outdoors, as the suns rays can often be damaging to the human eye. Today, medical experts recommend wearing sunglasses that can filter out %99-100 of UV rays.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">History-The first account of “sunglasses” being used can date back to prehistoric times, when Inuit people wore flatten, walrus ivory “glasses” that had slits to block out the sun. </span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In the 12</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">th</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> century, or possibly earlier, sunglasses made fro</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">m flat panes of smoky quartz were used in China. James Asycough is accredited with the invention of sunglasses, although the devices he first invented were not intended to block the rays of the sun. he thought that by using black, blue or green tinted lenses, he could </span></span></p><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 229px; height: 116px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vF6t79wzBlw/Tb4c3Qn6e6I/AAAAAAAAAAs/3G-OFhOxHYQ/s320/Eskimo_snowgoggles.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601946722176236450" /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">correct vision problems. This was in the mid 18</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">th</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> century, around 1752. In the early 1900’s many celebri</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ties started using tinted lenses. It was thought that this was to disguise their identity from fans, but another reason given is that celebrities’ eyes were often red from the powerful lamps that were used then in moviemaking. Sunglasses, however, still remain very popular long after the powerful lamps were replaced.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Biography of Inventor: Very little is know about James Asycough, including his birth date. He died in 1759. James Asycough was an optician and an inventor of scientific instruments. He had a shop in London between 1740 and 1759. Around the year 1752, he introduced spectacles with double-hinged sidepieces.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Impact on the World Today: Today, sunglasses provide protection against UV rays, which can cause cataracts, snow blindness and various forms of eye cancers. Other uses of sunglasses can include people using them to hide abnormal appearances of the eyes, including blindness, cross-eyes and other abnormalities. Sunglasses can be used in outdoor sports, such as volleyball or skiing. However, these sunglasses must have special features, such as shatterproof and impact-resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Different Styles: There are many different types of sun</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">glasses. One is called aviator, which usually have oversize teardrop shaped lenses held in place by a thin metal frame. The Ray-Ban Company introduced these in 1936. Clip-on glasses are simply a form of tinted glasses that can be clipped on the regular ey</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">eglasses for protection from the sun. Flip up sunglasses allow the wearer to flip pup the tinted lens, which makes these great for indoor use. Mirrored sunglasses have a metallic, partially reflected coating on the lenses. These glasses improve the ability to see contrasts. Oversized sunglasses were very fashionable in the 1980’s, and were made popular by Jackie Kennedy. Shutter Shades were used to decrease the amount of sun exposure that took place, not to filter the sunlight. These were inspired by the Inuit’s take on sunglasses. Wraparound sunglasses have one, smooth, semi-circular lens that covers both eyes. These sunglasses’ main use is in sports.</span></span><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QTAADk58Muk/Tb4dH6oOhWI/AAAAAAAAAA0/vtEq5M8IVtE/s320/Wiley-X_PT-1_3-lens.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601947008329745762" /> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Journal Article:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_ver"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6935b57b72564a9cf75123e8f1f5be19&searchtype=a</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In this journal article, the dangers of UV rays and the protection needed are discussed. In this article, it is discussed that certain sunglass lenses may not provide the right protection from the UV rays. In the journal article, it also discuss’ the current standards that are set for sunglasses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_ver"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6935b57b72564a9cf75123e8f1f5be19&searchtype=a</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><a href="http://new-invention.blogspot.com/2008/01/invention-of-sunglasses.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://new-invention.blogspot.com/2008/01/invention-of-sunglasses.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:117.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;font-size:13.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-86454991611276205092011-05-01T19:07:00.000-07:002011-05-01T19:23:38.720-07:00Race to the moon! … Again?? - By Kelby Fruecht<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHIDiscUMzkkpMEutlRfmWsBi5CBy46rnH0e1OpNygxuobDdRk7pOnd0jBxTiV1IFaHZ5joZxawajHl29k1gC3ILn2H2qINmCLMeyfRa9y8-24HFJ7Pc9Gin5ft9tZK3Av3AR088KQyk/s1600/Last+Blog+1.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 396px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHIDiscUMzkkpMEutlRfmWsBi5CBy46rnH0e1OpNygxuobDdRk7pOnd0jBxTiV1IFaHZ5joZxawajHl29k1gC3ILn2H2qINmCLMeyfRa9y8-24HFJ7Pc9Gin5ft9tZK3Av3AR088KQyk/s400/Last+Blog+1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601937173282213474" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">(Above is an astronaut looking for Helium 3)</span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">On earth, we would say that gold or platinum is the most rare an</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d valuable substance on our planet. We think that there is no other substance out there that can be more priceless? Well, just recently a discovery was made that puts platinum and gold in second and third place in order to make room for a material called Helium 3. Helium 3 is not your everyda</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">y helium gas that we fill up balloons with.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">In fact, Helium 3 is a solid, and most importantly it is a substance that can change the way we use and develop nuclea</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">r power. We have known about Helium 3 in lunar rocks for roughly 50 years now, but in recent studies with testing Helium 3 in nuclear fusion, the possibilities of a new main source of energy has been found.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;text-indent: 0.5in; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl_U_PxWXZmCpXhwsRAJZ6BrgZNunFoMjd0ar-IoGIvdoQRwOgwXLC_ppdhGdwG0rAcqaxDmaseV8cUKe6hgl7QDm72q1__eX4oEs4UG9qkLZz0vW0avPm7FhL-jRZ1ISyVB9sZAkJ7X0/s400/Last+Blog+2.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601936826762103218" /><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(above is a picture of Helium 3 during reaction)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Discovery:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">There are many people to give credit too in the discovery of helium 3, but most of the credit in my opinion should go to the astronauts who went on the moon</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">missions and collected the samples, the researchers at the University of Wisconsin, and N.A.S.A. An astronaut, Harrison Schmitt, wrote about his experience actually collecting the samples of rocks, he states, “</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A sample of soil</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">from the rim of Camelot cr</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ater slid from my scoop into a Teflon bag to begin its trip to Earth with the crew of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Apollo 17</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. Little did I know at the t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ime, on December 13, 1972, that sample 75501, along with samples from </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Apollo 11 </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">and other missions, would provide the best reason to return to the moon in the 21st century.” The discovery can now lead to yet another race to the moon, except this time the race is to see who will be the first to mine the helium 3 and bring it back to earth. Through analysis, t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">hey have determines that there is about 1,000,000 tons of helium 3 under the crust of the moon. This has been determined to be true from the Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 and U.S.S.R. Luna 16, and 20 samples.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Here is a overview video behind helium 3:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/sci-trek-helium-3-fusion/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/sci-trek-helium-3-fusion/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The difference between Fission and Fusion, H</span></span></b></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ow does it work?</span></span></b></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLNCJ6R6Spvh3BcRO140F_QVkEqhZGk0hhotIRBkNfFgDKEMZqyTNpwpkz1ePob0eP3lWCIg0dISlc947XLcYA5hPlAgPP89YEJ3-fBXYBGCXJhprh8tIlyk2hqdBFvqfxw3R8rbZ3B5Y/s400/Last+Blog+3.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601936455388762098" /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(above shows the main difference between fission and fusion when they react)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Up till today, nuclear reactors have used nuclear fission to produce energy. The way nuclear fission harvests energy is by splitting one atom into two atoms. They do this by splitting atoms of uranium with high-energy neutrons. This produces very large amounts of energy in the form of heat, which heats water to form steam, and then spins turbines to generate electricity. The downside to fission is that it gives off dangerous amounts of radiation and radioactive waste in the form of nuclear rods, which have to be stored underground in desolate areas about forever.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">In nuclear fusion however, the way it works is the exact same way except backwar</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ds. It produces energy when two atoms come together and under high temperature and pressure, they fuse together to become one, and the products are huge amounts of energy, neutrons, and helium gas. The best part about helium 3 fusion is that you have no radiation or radioactive waste that you have to worry about. So you’re left with abundant amounts of energy and no worries.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Now to explain all the specifics and science behind how it works below I decided to post a video to help best in understanding fission and fusion:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNthR4lGjJQ"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNthR4lGjJQ</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Impact on World/Humanity:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The significance of Helium 3 is crucially important as a means of an energy resource for the entire globe. It would not only provide as a way for new energy to replace resources which may be depleting, but also will give little to no toxic waste or radioactive by-product. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">This would deplete the need to use oil or any other types of energy that give off harmful waste products. Big cities and factories would no longer have air that is bad quality. It would affect eve</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ry single aspect of our lives, you would be able to fill up your car by change, and even food would be cheaper because transportation of all goods would be cheaper. There is about ten times more energy that is available through helium 3 than in all the other sources of energy put together. This opportunity to have the most powerful and abundant energy resource in existence is something that shouldn’t be looked over.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Journal Article Review: Race to the Moon for Nuclear Fuel</span></span></span></b></span></div></b><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 261px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxyANZzoJ7F4GAPL6EMS-gxc_QNr1vrjN2DoaAVAbeWADoegqaBrNZg1pw62h-pyFsT2518G45qVjxFLQQAnXrMkul1TU1ImvbRbHRBeBdMqHnvLJP4GJWGIxNxFVf4J7yd2pRkVsFfc/s400/Last+Blog+4.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601935472977749234" /> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(above is a visualization of what mining on the moon could look like)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The article talks about how the discovery of Helium 3 in fusion reactions is now making a race to the moon after seeing the capabilities of helium 3. It also talks about the N.A.S.A. moon base that they are planning on building and how it can open up the possibilities to mine helium 3. The reason that they are wanted to get it from the moon is because it is extremely rare on earth due to our atmosphere which blocks the solar rays that make helium 3. The moon on the other hand, doesn’t have an atmosphere, so after about 4 billion years of the sun hitting the moon, it is verified that there is a massive abundance of helium 3 on the moon. Whoever is the first to conquer the moon by putting the first base up there, will be the first to reek the benefits to such a powerful energy resource.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">For anyone who is interested, I actually found a game about the Helium 3 race and it’s actually pretty cool! Check it out on the link below: <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.yourdiscovery.com/games/helium3/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.yourdiscovery.com/games/helium3/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Citations:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:11.0pt .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Freudenrich, C. (n.d.). How Nuclear Fusion Reactors Work. </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">HowStuffWorks</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from science.howstuffworks.com/fusion-reactor1.htm <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Lasker, J. (2006, December 15). Race to the Moon for Nuclear Fuel . </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Wired.com </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.wired.com/science/space/news/2006/12/72276 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Schmitt, H. (n.d.). Mining the Moon. </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Datapages - Search and Discovery</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.searchanddiscovery.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">PDF files:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031306-122626/unrestricted/IQP.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031306-122626/unrestricted/IQP.pdf</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/presentations/glk_isdc.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/presentations/glk_isdc.pdf</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/gallery/pdf/space_com063000.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/gallery/pdf/space_com063000.pdf</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Pictures:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.quantum.physik.uni-mainz.de/AGHeil/jobs.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.quantum.physik.uni-mainz.de/AGHeil/jobs.html</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture14/sunshine.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture14/sunshine.html</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-8632171229469197082011-05-01T14:51:00.000-07:002011-05-01T14:58:49.349-07:00The Invention of the Wheel Chair- Brooke Mastmeier<strong>I. Introduction:</strong> The Wheel chair is a chair with wheels that is used as a replacement for those who can’t walk due to injury or illness. There are many variations of the wheel chair. There are some that are propelled by motors and some that are used by the hand of the seated occupant. <br /><br />Figure 1:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8PheOZV0f6NMohAj4-8lBsPKzctAlf-dpzeyZ6jlGF5Esxm7rrqJR7P4lNLoXIaJoKqPHVeT0kL4CI4LEB-Lo2twa1flofZp3BnI6PcAtHpjQ5AsMd_Oig7ibXU1-Wp6g5a0TT_taXcC/s1600/fdfa.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 225px; height: 225px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8PheOZV0f6NMohAj4-8lBsPKzctAlf-dpzeyZ6jlGF5Esxm7rrqJR7P4lNLoXIaJoKqPHVeT0kL4CI4LEB-Lo2twa1flofZp3BnI6PcAtHpjQ5AsMd_Oig7ibXU1-Wp6g5a0TT_taXcC/s320/fdfa.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601869382130799970" /></a><br /><br /><strong><br />II. History:</strong> The earliest records of the wheel chair dated back to the 6th century, they were seen through Chinese inscriptions. The best illustrated wheel chair was invented for King Philip II of Spain back in 1565. The drawing shows the king in his chair with wheels, armrests, and footrests. In 1665, Stephan Farfler came up with a self propelled wheel chair. The Chair was propelled by hand cranks attached to the front wheel. Then in 1783, John Dawson, came up with the “Dawson Bath Chair. His design eventually began to develop and change. And by the 19th century, wheelchairs became more comfortable and less burdensome. <br /><br /><strong>III. Types of Wheel Chairs:</strong> Everyday manual wheel chairs- Some of these chairs have permanently welded joints and many fewer moving parts. The Rigid chairs typically feature instant-release rear wheels and backrests that fold down flat. There are various accessories that could be added on the chair, such as: safety belts, tilt or recline features, or carrying devices for crutches or oxygen tanks. Manual chairs require human power to move them. Many of them can be folded to fit into a vehicle. <br /> <br /> Electric powered- This chair is control by an electric motor and navigational controls, usually a small joystick on the armrest. For people who can’t manage the hand joy stick, head switches and chin operated joysticks may also be used. <br />Figure 2:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPWISyE0HAYzPEJmh-ksyeE2aohnXwgNjllgrTU0FX9UhX4D42tXKGkGMUv1wpKmn3ERgd0VrBnZc49vW-h8LY-IJMNReTibJgwy31q3pN8CRP87d7dTkV63tqtjZiMrkyrYxXFDTmeZZa/s1600/WEEEE.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPWISyE0HAYzPEJmh-ksyeE2aohnXwgNjllgrTU0FX9UhX4D42tXKGkGMUv1wpKmn3ERgd0VrBnZc49vW-h8LY-IJMNReTibJgwy31q3pN8CRP87d7dTkV63tqtjZiMrkyrYxXFDTmeZZa/s200/WEEEE.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601870028821059522" /></a><br /><br /><strong><br />IV. Access and Mobility:</strong> It is necessary to add ramps and elevators to public areas for people who are using a wheel chair. In the USA most new construction for public use must be built to ADA standards of accessibility. With the aging of the population, architects will now design wheel chairs ramps for private homes. Other important adaptations to private homes would be larger bathroom doors, and accessibility to showers and bathtubs.<br />Figure 3:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtamgfjkS8JeX46tROwlwwptqsAKR7JuCd_av16VD2hHX79JprhgPDQWnh5hZGTUQgqxWkTpmS4PrgUNEmdv-7uzzOdyIlU-Cfn1pH7B-poAGoRXnUC5w2NIPOaa6N0VeLLDkgrh7GHmyZ/s1600/fdfddd.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtamgfjkS8JeX46tROwlwwptqsAKR7JuCd_av16VD2hHX79JprhgPDQWnh5hZGTUQgqxWkTpmS4PrgUNEmdv-7uzzOdyIlU-Cfn1pH7B-poAGoRXnUC5w2NIPOaa6N0VeLLDkgrh7GHmyZ/s200/fdfddd.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601869846529355058" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>V. Journal Article:</strong> Couch, R. H. (1992). Ramps Not Steps: A Study of Accessibility Preferences. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 58(1), 65+. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002177982 <br />This Journal Article is about the accessibility of the wheel chair in public places, and the laws that have been passed to encourage the accessibility. Also that people using his invention have been fighting barriers interfering with its use.<br /><br /> <br /><strong>VI. References:</strong><br />1.Couch, R. H. (1992). Ramps Not Steps: A Study of Accessibility Preferences. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 58(1), 65+. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002177982<br />2.History of the Wheel Chair. (n.d.). Content Caboodle. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.contentcaboodle.com/news-and-society/history-of-the-wheelchair.html <br />3.Wheelchair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair <br /><br />Figure 1: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rollingwheelchairs.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/manual-wheelchair.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rollingwheelchairs.net/&usg=__W_dKtaChtX37K2A-JTxTVNHhC1o=&h=300&w=300&sz=12&hl=en&start=0&sig2=rn_GaR7a7MRZ4xDUFZgsVw&zoom=1&tbnid=a-Sh0DI5rHdVeM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=124&ei=a9O9TbX2IIbcgQefyYC0Bw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwheel%2Bchair%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=116&vpy=164&dur=703&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=149&ty=110&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0<br /><br />Figure 2: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mobilitysales.com/products/mobility-product-images/Invacare-Power-Wheel-Chair-side1-4a1466021dc90-invacare-M51-power-chair.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.abilitycenter.com/powerchairs.php&usg=__IqqYOlkR5dO__IiGFr3C-W6Hl5Q=&h=250&w=250&sz=8&hl=en&start=14&sig2=ldojxis4-c3C0yMM-DFzlw&zoom=1&tbnid=MgZGNSOn8FGmxM:&tbnh=156&tbnw=147&ei=NtO9TfqAAYb00gHYoP3gBQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectric%2Bwheelchair%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch0%2C184&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=139&vpy=189&dur=812&hovh=200&hovw=200&tx=114&ty=165&page=2&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:14&biw=1003&bih=500<br /><br />Figure 3: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.conie.com/images/clip_wheelChairRamp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.conie.com/project.php&usg=__UJq06qexWaEo1KXSWDQsjuAwvWc=&h=432&w=576&sz=36&hl=en&start=0&sig2=78eKu3yeHJhYyJ2azIJpgQ&zoom=1&tbnid=ZCpG1eGuFPXWpM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=132&ei=xdO9TYncN8nKgQfZuMyOBw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwheel%2Bchair%2Bramp%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=224&vpy=195&dur=1266&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=183&ty=82&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0Brooke Mhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01569689143855936209noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-18119147039109934632011-05-01T09:14:00.000-07:002011-05-08T13:42:22.818-07:00Baseball by Sammy Bozza<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
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I. Introduction.</div>
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Baseball, also called “America’s pastime” is a thinking man’s game. It is one of the few sports in which time is not a factor. The object of baseball is to score more runs than the other team. To achieve this, one would have to hit the baseball with a baseball bat to get on base. The teammate behind him in the batting order would then try to advance him by doing the same thing.<br />
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II. History.<br />
Americans began playing baseball on informal teams in the early 1800s. By the 1860s, the sport was obtained the name “America’s Pastime” because it was unrivaled by any other sport at the time. The modern baseball field was invented by Alexander Cartwright in New York, in 1845. Alexander Cartwright and the members of his Baseball club, the New York Knickerbockers, created the first rules and regulations for the modern game of baseball. Baseball was based on the English game of rounders. Rounders became popular in the United States in the early 19th century and was called many different things like "townball", "base", or "baseball". “The first recorded baseball game was on June 19, 1846 when Alexander Cartwright's Knickerbockers lost to the New York Baseball Club.” The game was held at the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players, the first organized baseball league was formed.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiopq9jVLBYQUq7Dk1odul8Iv6l1672YZYOKKbsrkoWBW_wzGUwnCpoU9qo6wLbKWWny9hFdBMyApkGDL9n0MsDqLyVyfjp9gl4bHq1VUvVkppDvkBZwhJgb0wr-r6ETG_-ZyiqT7D9xo0/s1600/baseball_baum_bat_drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiopq9jVLBYQUq7Dk1odul8Iv6l1672YZYOKKbsrkoWBW_wzGUwnCpoU9qo6wLbKWWny9hFdBMyApkGDL9n0MsDqLyVyfjp9gl4bHq1VUvVkppDvkBZwhJgb0wr-r6ETG_-ZyiqT7D9xo0/s200/baseball_baum_bat_drawing.jpg" width="200" /></a>Figure 2. Bat comparisons</div>
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III. Inventor.<br />
Alexander Joy Cartwright was born on April 17, 1820 in New York. “He was a member of the New York Knickerbockers Fire Fighting Brigade in 1842.” In 1845 while working at the Knickerbockers fire station, Alexander became involved in playing town ball. They found a playing field, Elysian Field, across the Hudson River in Hoboken New Jersey that charged $75 a year to rent. To pay these fees, He organized a baseball club called The Knickerbockers to collect money for the rental of the field. The Knickerbockers became an official team on September 23, 1845. Cartwright also invented the rules for baseball which are the backbone for today’s rules. These include the distance between bases, balls and strikes, and so on. In 1849, Cartwright headed west in the climax of the California gold rush to search for fortune When he arrived in California however, he became ill with dysentery and decided that he would not stay in California. He then made the decision to move to Honolulu, Hawaii where he introduced the island to baseball. “During his stay in Hawaii, Cartwright became a notable citizen. He founded the library and fire department. In Honolulu, there is a street named in his honor as well as a ballpark.” Alexander Cartwright died on July 12th, 1892 at the age of 72. He was buried in Hawaii.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOE9kKTZ4jbtphf-aKxO10mXhSPhQD_9GMNmK0ZAN7V1iR0AzqOxViELUDQAexMjFGIMsYXMji_-GykQi32b2tWB8MAAbdaKnaZ34JBFDX5xWZOSC1RKDE7i1V2MujryD1vFHm0QCMpXY/s1600/AlexanderCartwright.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOE9kKTZ4jbtphf-aKxO10mXhSPhQD_9GMNmK0ZAN7V1iR0AzqOxViELUDQAexMjFGIMsYXMji_-GykQi32b2tWB8MAAbdaKnaZ34JBFDX5xWZOSC1RKDE7i1V2MujryD1vFHm0QCMpXY/s200/AlexanderCartwright.jpg" width="167" /></a>Figure 3. Alexander Cartwright</div>
IV. Baseball Today.<br />
Baseball in the modern-era is still based on the rules and regulations of Alexander Cartwright, but many adjustments have been made to them. The MLB is a multi-billion dollar organization that is ran by the commissioner Bud Selig. There are a total of 30 teams in the MLB and about 180 minor-league teams. There is also more diversity in modern baseball as many players try to make it to the MLB from different countries such as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Jackie Robinson is known for being the first non-white person to play professional baseball. There is also more conflict today in baseball than any other time in history. These problems mainly come from the abuse of performing-enhancing drugs such as steroids. A famous case is the Barry Bonds trial who is accused of lying under oath by saying he has never taken any drugs.<br />
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<img border="0" height="265" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWd-nZhAvOqvhNgOED892uV5Q8tmiRHTbZZprnJdy79CQlqR9D9QyTtlTHkJgV32W-lQXK3TlnZFzWf2YosBxrEKRh0tmtOQ4aNYUDxh3J1yTogJOZ1LP9Y3EZg6Uz4iqq1rXibxWhGiE/s320/barry-bonds.jpg" width="320" />Figure 4. Barry Bonds</div>
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V. Journal Article<br />
This article tells you just about everything you need to know about the history of baseball. It talks briefly about Alexander Cartwright, but goes way into detail about how the game had advanced throughout the years.<br />
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VI. List of References<br />
1. Baseball. (2011). (P. V. Ueberroth, Rev.). <i>The New Book of Knowledge.</i> Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Grolier Online http://nbk.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=a2002380-h<br />
2. Alexander Cartwright-Founder of baseball (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2011. http://open-site.org/Sports/Baseball/History/Biographies/Cartwright,_Alexander<br />
3. The History of Baseball (2011) retrieved May 1, 2011. <br />
<span lang="EN"></span><u><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.rpi.edu/~fiscap/history_files/history1.htm">http://www.rpi.edu/~fiscap/history_files/history1.htm</a></span><span lang="EN"><br />4.Baseball. (2011). (J. Benagh, Rev.). <i>Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.</i> Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0026560-0</span></span></u>sammyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15356762960527080287noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-69837007375225336742011-04-30T12:37:00.000-07:002011-05-01T12:37:39.684-07:00The Discovery of the Krebs Cycle By: Blake Werab<strong>I. Introduction</strong><br />The Krebs cycle, or the citric acid cycle, was discovered in 1937 by a German man named Hans Adolf Krebs. Krebs is not only known for the Krebs cycle but he is also known by the urea cycle. The urea cycle is where animals convert toxic waste nitrogen to urea which can then be exerted. These discovery were huge to the science revolution and they made a big impact to how we understand life and its components.<br /><strong>II. Discovery</strong><br />As I said above the Krebs cycle was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in the year of 1937. The Krebs cycle occurs in an aerobic organism that is part of the metabolic pathway where it converts carbohydrates into water and carbon dioxide for usable energy in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle starts with a glucose molecule and that glucose molecule is broken up due to the process of glycolysis into two pyruvates or pyruvic acids. Glyciolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Remember, the Krebs cycle must go around two times to create one PGAL or G3P (glyceroldeyhde 3 phosphate). The next step of the Krebs cycle is the pyruvate joins with CoA, or coenzyme A, and forms a two carbon molecule called an acetyl group. After this acetyl group is formed, it joins with a four carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid forming a six carbon molecule called citric acid. This is why the Krebs cycle is also referenced as the citric acid cycle. Throughout theKrebs cycle carbon dioxide molecules are released. For example, when the citric acid is oxidized back to Oxaloacetic acid it releases two carbon dioxide molecules becuase a six carbon molecule to a four carbon molecule realeses two carbons with resuts to two carbon dioxide molecules being released. WHen the Krebs cycle goes around ATP, NADH, FADH2 molecules are formed. Throughout two cycles of the Krebs cycle one is left with 4 ATP molecules, 10 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules. Now, needed for cellualr respiration it is around 36-38 ATP molecules. So, you say how am I supposed to get 36-39 ATPs when I now only have 4? Well, when these molecules are brought down the electron transport chain each NADH molecules makes 3 ATP molecules. Also, each FADH2 molecule accounts for 2 ATP molecules. Now, if you do the math you have 4 ATPs+ 30 ATPs+4 ATPs which makes 38 ATP molecules!<br /><strong>Figure 1:</strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><p><strong><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 255px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601831062396956034" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNFojgAWAZ3pFisg3UcIiiH6f7DZgdELtJholOdSz28YLo8zYyOJik4sUjj4qas40HtzSqrZ04iHkokw-C2EZ1hy1DW7Au0nqfYaxR4j2DpPvnPiCj23B6Ycqq278S12rdtaeaX1UvUMD1/s320/en_krebs.jpg" /><br />III. Biography of Investigator</strong><br />The investigator and founder of the Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle was Hans Adolf Krebs. Hans was born in Hildesheim, Germany in the year of 1900. Krebs, at the age of 32 years old, joined the German army despited him being of the Jewish religion. In 1933, Hans went to studying medicine and the urea cycle at the University of Freiburg. He then had to flee Germany due to his Jewish religion and he then went to England. Hans was then invited to Cambridge to study with Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. He finished research of the urea cycle in 1932 and he finished his reasearch of the Krebs cycle in 1937 at the University of Sheffield. He then was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1953 and Hans was also knighted in 1958. It then was the year of 1981 when this point comes to everybody at a time in their life, Hans Adolf Krebs died. It's sad but when he was living he lived a beautifully long life in the fields of the sciences. (Which is awesome, of course.)<br /><strong>Figure 2: </strong><strong><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 215px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 285px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601498002589033474" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-5n_gKosHrAE3bVc8w7f0DOydpH1IM3BjPixRY3roygqecVxYiQDQYq2PFOANoKoBhGACdaT2Hc2oqAqSDKtzF5LAeY334su9oFMTfjNJ20gn-GouBWO1VyA7TQn4_bH5XpvvXZeRlRn/s320/krebs-w.jpg" /></strong><br /><strong>IV. Impact on World Society </strong>The Krebs cycle has by no doubt change the scientific view of cellular respiration. People used to view eating foods and them giving you energy and used to think nothing of it. Now we know why if a little kid eats a candy bar why he gets so hyper because in the mitochondrion of the kid he is going through the process of the Krebs cycle and these sugars are converted into energy that we can use for our cells and their functions for everyday life.<br /><strong>V. Journal Article Review </strong>This journal article gives examples of all the labs that the scientists undertook. It first explains the Krebs cycle and then it later goes onto how their experiments prove the points stated during the explanation of the Krebs cycle. I know this article is very hard to understand and it has a very long title but it gives examples of the Krebs cycle outside of the textbook. It gives examples of how the contribution of gucogenogenesis and glycogenolysis to glucose and how it can change the carbon exchange at the beginning of the Krebs cycle.</p><br /><p><strong>Journal</strong>: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/113206/scanned-page/1309<strong> </strong><br /><strong>VI. Videos</strong><br />1) <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw</a><br />2) <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcRm3MB3OKw&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcRm3MB3OKw&feature=related</a><br /><strong></strong></p><br /><br /><p><strong>VII. References/Sources</strong><br />1) Krebs, H. A., <em>The History of The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle</em>,<em> Perspect Biol. Med</em>, 14: 166-167. (1970). Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195305753/pdf/Hans_Krebs_Citric_Acid.pdf">http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195305753/pdf/Hans_Krebs_Citric_Acid.pdf</a> </p><br /><p>2) Reagan, Doran, <em>Steps of the Krebs Cycle</em>. (1999) Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5262273_steps-krebs-cycle.html">http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5262273_steps-krebs-cycle.html</a></p><br /><p>3) A Consoli, F Kennedy, J Miles, J Gerich. <em>Determination of Krebs cycle metabolic carbon exchange in vivo and its use to estimate the individual contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to overall glucose output in man. </em>(1987) Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.jci.org/articles/view/113206/scanned-page/1303">http://www.jci.org/articles/view/113206/scanned-page/1303</a></p>Blake Werabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13438403916784810898noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-25629495226070539922011-04-30T11:38:00.000-07:002011-04-30T11:38:04.477-07:00Jenny Riebesell's Blog: Glass Blowing!Glass Blowing!<br />
Introduction:<br />
Glassblowing is a glass forming technique which was invented by the Phoenicians at approximately 50 BC. The evidence of the earliest glassblowing were found from waste of an old glass workshop, which were mainly findings of fragrance glass tubes and tiny glass bottles, thought to be used for religious waters and oils. The studio glass movement of 1962 began the popularity of glass blowing as an art. This is when Harvey Littleton, <span style="color: black;"> a ceramics professor, and Dominick Labino, </span><span style="color: black;"> a chemist and engineer, held workshops at the Toledo Museum of Art,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" style="color: black;"></a><span style="color: black;"> where they started experimenting with melting glass in a small </span><span style="color: black;"> furnace and creating blown glass art. </span><br />
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<span style="color: black;">Discovery: </span><br />
A major breakthrough in glassmaking was the discovery of glassblowing, between 27 BC and AD 14, attributed to Syrian craftsmen from the Sidon-Babylon area. The long metal tube used to blow the glass has changed very little since then, so the techniques need to blow glass is relatively the same, and if anything has just gotten easier as the time as gone on. In the last century BC, the ancient Romans then began blowing glass inside moulds, greatly increasing the variety of shapes possible for hollow glass items. Although glass blowing can be a dangerous task, many people enjoy the beautiful and unique products from them, making it a skill many people are passionate about.<br />
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<span style="color: black;">Inventor:</span><br />
<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dominick Labino was an internationally-known scientist, inventor, artist and master craftsman in glass<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"></a>. Labino's art works in glass are in the permanent collections of more than 100 museums throughout the world. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_Labino#cite_note-0"><span></span></a></sup></span><span style="font-size: small;">Dominick Labino was trained as an engineer at the Carnegie Institute of Technology <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology"></a> and began his professional career in Illinois. Having always worked with glass, he wanted more ways he could produce creative pieces unlike any other. Dominick Labino then worked with Harvey Littleton and worked with mastering of melting glass for some time, he then had the idea of glass blowing when he saw an air bubble trapped in a small piece of the melting glass. The two glass makers then greated a long metal device to help blow air into glass. This was now the start of glass blowing as an art.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cmog.org/uploadedImages/Exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions/dominick_labino_at_work_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.cmog.org/uploadedImages/Exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions/dominick_labino_at_work_lg.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Impact on the Human World:</span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Glass blowing is an art that has been loved by people for many years. From making this as small as ornaments and bottles, to major glass statues; glass blowing is adored by many artist. Any thing that adds something new to the art industry is the main topic for discussion for some time, however with glass blowing since it has been around for sometime, it is always popular with art because of its unique and individual items.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bogenriefstudios.com/images/682_blue_white_chandelier_-_installed-edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="http://www.bogenriefstudios.com/images/682_blue_white_chandelier_-_installed-edited.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Journal Review: </span></div><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Artists Experiment With Glassblowing" is a Journal article written in 1964, shortly after glass blowing became a popular art. The article discribes the techniques used for glass blowing and all the fantastic new pieces that are now able to be in the art world. The article explains that after they would finish a piece they would display it for sometime, because of how interested people would be in the beauty that could be made with glass. This show how excited people were for this when it was first discovered and is still lasting now. </span></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibliography: </span></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Artists Experiment With Glassblowing" from Wisconsin State Journal, 1964 July 12 . Harvey K. Littleton papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.</span></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thrall, A. (n.d.). <i>A brief history of glass blowing</i>. Retrieved from http://www.neder.com/glassact/history.html </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1><h1 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wertheimer, J. (n.d.). <i>History of glass blowing</i>. Retrieved from http://www.glassblowing.com/hotglass/history.php</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></h1><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>Mrs. D'Arcohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12689797137554517616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-48146124383406476442011-04-30T06:37:00.000-07:002011-05-02T05:40:16.802-07:00The Internet<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">The Internet</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 190px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5601858114193060050" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirwRX-b3q3pDpGAlfonP03gosctCDB5ccCODEWaCOvZKZihyphenhyphenOpn0NOU_n2GIXS0hGH-J88kUO3J7Wxhc9hLqbpJNC6uNCAFXAvyhFLfDLlbtAVLUO6ultl8kUio8JsIuY2BmjB5vbI62o/s200/internet.jpeg" /><br /><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Figure 1</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Introduction:</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div>How many people get home from school and immediately sit down at there computer and use the internet? You use it for Facebook, homework, video games, and email. Most people would be lost without the internet. I know I would. But does any one know how the internet was invented? Or how the internet has improved todays medical technology?<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Discovery:</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div>What is the internet. The internet is a global connection network that is interconnected buy fiber optic cabling to thousands of networks. The internet was brought into the world in 1965 and would change your world forever. The internet was originally designed to be used by the military during the Cold War but was soon used buy scientist to communicated to each other about there discoveries. The military need a way to communicate with universities with out being disrupted by bombs and or spies. The form of internet that was to solve this problem was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks). The make the ARPANET scientist used the basic design of the telephone network and added Packet Switching to it. Packet Switching divides the data into small blocks. Each block or packet can take a different path then the others to get to the destination were the blocks are reassembled into the original message. In September 1969 the first Packet switched computer network was installed at UCLA. By December three more had been installed in the United States. The internet started to grow rapidly in popularity and by 1971, the same year email was invented, there were 15 computer networks set up at major universities all over the United States. In Hawaii scientist created the ALOHAnet that allowed the many small islands of Hawaii to communicate with each other. This network became the first multi-access networks that, using radio technology, allowed users to share a single broadcasting medium. In 1980 a company called BITNET (Because it's Time NETwork) became the first email provider. Soon the internet had gone from a nationwide infrastructure to an international phenomenon. In the early 1980's set up an organization with the goal of bringing the internet to all French citizens. In the 1990's the world saw the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW). Over the next few years the internet saw major changes (mostly in speed) and by the end of the 1990's almost the entire world was connected to the internet.<br /><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.inventionreaction.com/famous-inventions/Internet">http://www.inventionreaction.com/famous-inventions/Internet</a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Influence on the World:</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div>As technology continues to advance as does the internet. The internet can now be used many diffident ways such as on cell phones or video game consoles. Today we use the internet for almost very thing. We can, talk to other people, pay taxes, get a college degree, and host business meetings through a video chat. The creation of search engines allows users to find information quickly and easily. The internet has even helped to save lives. Because of the internet doctors can get test results and important information faster therefor saving peoples lives by starting treatments earlier.<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Inventor:</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div>The Internet does not have a solo inventor and is made the way it is today by every person that has ever used the internet.<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">Journal Article:</div><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><br /></div>In the journal article <b>How the Internet Infrastructure Works</b> Jeff Tyson explains how the internet grew and all of the different pieces need for it to work. This article is a great help to anyone who would like to find out how the internet works.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-infrastructure1.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span">http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-infrastructure1.htm</span></a>Sammi Paxtonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17975962705692531021noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-33332548270721730132011-02-27T20:15:00.000-08:002011-02-27T20:15:59.981-08:00TIck Tock By Nico MoschettoI. Discovery<br />
<br />
The alarm clock has been a life saving tool for many years. the first and earliest notes of an alarm clock were founded in germany around the 15th century. the concept was quite simple back then, most alarm clocks had a cam (a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming rotary motion) that rotates every 12 hours. they also have a notch that which a lever falls onto when the alarm is triggered releasing gears that drive a hammer onto a bell. classic right? <br />
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<img alt="Hubbell marine movement with 1865 patent date" height="290" src="http://clockhistory.com/alarmClockHistory/images/CRW_1824_web.jpg" width="400" />figure 1<br />
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II. Discovery<br />
<br />
while i just recently explained how the olden day alarm clocks work, the first recorded inventor or maker of the alarm clock was Joseph Knibb in 1690. these facts mean nothing seeing that alarm clocks were starting to emerge around the 15th century. the english clockmakers started emigrating to the US around the 18th century bringing with them new ideas for the alarm clock. they started sprouting up around the 1800s like crazy and from then on there have been gigantic modifications ranging from digital to, well, now just digital. one of the last major old gear clocks standing is of course big ben in England. <br />
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III. digital time keeping<br />
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during today's technological enhancements, digital time keeping seems to be in everything from your ipod to your car. everything is on the same digital system. although if you have an old car i think you may still do it manually. these digital time keeping advances are vital to our daily life. imagine your life for one day without the advantage of having the time on your pocket nessecities of today. asking for the time sounds pretty old and annoying during these times. just a little something to think about. <br />
<img height="320" id="il_fi" src="http://jeremyberg.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/778alarm_clock.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="307" />figure 2<br />
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IV. Impact on the World<br />
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digital time keeping has been one of the quietest advantages of today's modern technonlogical world. its almost as if nobody thought twice about how important time keeping was, that is until daylight savings was founded. these improvements on the clock have been great for our modern society. i always love being able to pull out my phone and check the time. anyway im greatful for many of the advantages we have in life so yay time!<br />
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V. journal article<br />
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My most helpful article was the History of the Alarm Clock (go figure). this article was helpful to me because it was very clear on its facts and helped explain some of the history to me. it also provided me with some resources like pictures and diagrams to help me understand the make up of an alarm clock. there were also interesting little tidbits about major contirbutors of the alarm clock invention. <br />
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Works Cited <br />
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<a href="http://clockhistory.com/alarmClockHistory/">http://clockhistory.com/alarmClockHistory/</a><br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/clock.htm">http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/clock.htm</a>Nico Moschettohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03036725584429210187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-29807585520017774362011-02-18T12:32:00.000-08:002011-02-18T12:55:26.350-08:00Plants on Security Duty - Kelby Fruecht<div style="text-align: center;"><b>Plant Security</b></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><b>I.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b></span></span></span><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto">Imagine if you were walking in an airport and all you had to do was check-in and buy your tickets to be able to just jump right on a plane. Imagine if we no longer had to go through airport security in order to get on a plane. Well, even though this may seem impossible to do without jeopardizing our own safety, just recently there has been a break through that might change the way security operates not only in airports, but also in government buildings, schools, and any other facility or place that would require more security to ensure our safety. The answer to this question is a plant. Not just any type of plant, but a plant genetically engineered to identify and notice when a bomb is nearby or in the same area where the plant is planted.</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;margin-left: 0.75in; "><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><b>II.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b></span></span></span><b>Discovery</b></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 226px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNpcltrjMATBpm255eiRW1XiQ_kQ9i1VQuqRkNf448S5Gy_sw3cCL15F_Uj4jWsSqcyhR8WxJwLJk7Ggcgu7A-PuJ3glKOxYNt-RR0zktdnpE7ByqZtXbRVvBvYBbXshQmxtmAYmr_vkA/s400/Untitled.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5575131504974459202" /><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto">So you may be asking just how it’s possible for a plant to replace the security that checks our bags in airports. Well, the answer lies with changing the genetics of the plant. Professors and Scientist at Colorado State University have discovered a way to change the genetics of the plant making it capable of turning white when TNT and other explosive odors are sensed in the air. Head Professor June Medford states, “Plants can’t run or hide from threats, so they’ve developed sophisticated systems to detect and respond to their environment.” They were able to take the plant and alter the genetics of the chromosomes and “program” the plant to turn white when it senses the explosive material in the air. They made the plant so when it does sense TNT or other bomb material; it triggers the plant to drain all of the chlorophyll out of the chloroplast, which is the green pigment found inside of plants and is also used in photosynthesis. The benefits of having these types of plants as part of are security are more beneficial than you would suspect. While having a bomb-sniffing dog that cost thousands of dollars in order for the dog to be trained, taking care of the dog with food expenses, and also paying for a cop to be at the airport is really expensive.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>They also aren’t capable of covering every single area of the airport and most importantly is that a dog isn’t 100% accurate. There are some times when the dog accidentally doesn’t detect the scent either because the dog was temporarily distracted or the smell wasn’t strong enough. As for the plant, it is predicted that each of these plants will only cost about a few cents! What is also remarkable about the plant is that they are 100 times more sensitive than the</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto">nose of a dog!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto">Here is a video link to a good overview video:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kObTt_dR7IM&feature=player_embedded">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kObTt_dR7IM&feature=player_embedded</a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto">Below is a picture of Prototype Plant Sentiels:<o:p></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica;"><br /></span><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 314px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEov7z-0PO4YM4hXVokU40l8Y0ohzM6TJkVLwbzs0ERbcUSjhX_qk2Y8Xlji1-ljB7p4FFw6dNmqfU4zhNBRBQ2oS75tspEne9m3V8_I37SQxIDfVTVo0FaL4YciaU9BCjVuXvQ5dkDlQ/s400/bio+2.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5575132685966586338" /><br /><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 230px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpSc2PjuT9kp2YX1LMX_V39JH_nkk4bZWKmDkzSk45YdhUJ8JrPD7NpMo0b-HKT5TgIyB3bY6IaqZBRkn2W4EYR0pXM4R5sIb7jHIdVKtCRfU4Z-6P5edJOcpeKwzuLyzhY7spmIHL5d0/s400/bio+3.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5575132351061457842" /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><b>III.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b></span></span></span><b>Biography of Investigator</b><o:p></o:p></p> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica;"><br /></span><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKmNzGn4NOKE5FM7NgMT_zYaa_cURlZmKODyBf8rzo-VGaOmRm47RYjqiT7A3mrjHz05w6WNc9FcQi7HZ9dOfJC7vBQrNkMjsDaZjky9r9qsBVcD0zTvVoW3HX0U79vnqW5ONsVPHf4a4/s400/bio+4.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5575131857411363282" /> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto">The Investigator of discovering this capability is Professor June Medford. She is currently a professor at Colorado State University where she made this discovery in plant genetics. She earned her Ph. D. for Synthetic Biology at Yale University. While the research of this new plant to complete the plant characteristic is underway, Medford confidently believes that the research and understanding of the plant will be completed in just three years. Her goal is to make the plant not only react faster, but also make the plant capable of reacting to more than one substance. With a 7.9 million dollar fund from U.S. Defense administration, the goal of perfecting the plant could come true. Although she is a new face in the science community media, she definitely will be heard of in the years to come once this genetically enhanced plant is perfected. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><b>IV.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b></span></span></span><b>Impact on the World/Humanity</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto">The link below is to an AWESOME video that shows how this new discovery can change the world! Must Watch!!</p><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto"><span style="color:blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj0Zom2SRmE&feature=player_embedded#at</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto">This new invention of changing the genetics of a plant can change our world forever. We would no longer have to spend the unnecessary amounts of money in order to keep us safe from possible terrorist attacks and bomb threats. Every single airport in the world would be able to have a biological security that will not only ensure the safety of countries whose airports are vulnerable to bomb penetration because they aren’t able to afford the modern security that the United States has set the bar for. This security innovation has the possibility to lowering the price of your next plane ticket because flight companies would no longer have to pay for the type of security you see at our airports. We would no longer have to pay for this extra expense on the flight ticket. These plants might find its way in our airports in the next few years. This breakthrough could possibly be the answer to not only a safer world, but also a more affordable one as well.</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:Cambria;"><span><b>V.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b></span></span></span><b>Journal Article Review</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto">The Huffington Post looked like a reliable source for the information that I found on my topic. I also confirmed its information from other reliable sources and was able to compile the right information about this new discovery. Although it isn’t too big of a source, it gave me a good grasp of the general overall idea of this genetically changed plant. I thought this was a good topic because it totally ties in with what we are learning in class and Professor Medford and this new invention is a prime example of how we can apply what we learn in the class room to invent things that we never thought possible.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p> </o:p><b>Citations:</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:.5in"><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/bombdetecting-plants-colo_n_814848.html"><span style="color:blue;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/bombdetecting-plants-colo_n_814848.html</span></a><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/27/bomb-sniffing-plants-fight-terrorism/#ixzz1EHSb3qs4"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-font-kerning:.5pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue;">http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/27/bomb-sniffing-plants-fight-terrorism/#ixzz1EHSb3qs4</span></a><u style="text-underline:#00218A"><span style="mso-bidi- mso-font-kerning:.5pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><u style="text-underline:#00218A"><span style="mso-bidi- mso-font-kerning:.5pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://gizmodo.com/#!5744309/professor-breeds-bomb+detecting-plants"><span style="color:blue;">http://gizmodo.com/#!5744309/professor-breeds-bomb+detecting-plants</span></a><span style="color:blue;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto"><a href="http://www.biology.colostate.edu/faculty/medford">http://www.biology.colostate.edu/faculty/medford</a><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-69496013656365464222011-02-18T11:17:00.000-08:002011-02-18T11:21:55.841-08:00Hot Air Balloon by Lisa Dunleavy<strong>Introduction<br /></strong> Up, up, and away! Have you ever looked up into the sky and seen bright colors floating in the sky in the shape of a balloon? Then do you wonder how hot air balloons work? Hot air balloons were started by an array of scientists who worked off each other’s discoveries in the 1700s, and today it has turned into a fun leisure activity or a commercial advertisement.<br />Discovery<br /> There were two brothers who launched the discovery of hot air balloons, Joseph Michael and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier. In 1782, these brothers hadn’t been inventors, wanted to investigate why smoke rose. Furthermore, they wanted to know if smoke could life a person into the sky. Also, humans have always been intrigued by the thought of being able to fly like birds. The invention of the hot air balloon made flight in the air possible (First Hot Air Balloon).<br />Inventors<br /> Although, Joseph Michael and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier were the inventors of the hot air balloon, they couldn’t have done it without the help of Henry Cavendish. In 1766 Henry Cavendish was the first scientist that was able to isolate hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest gas, lighter than air. He then had the idea that it could be used to life things from the Earth because of its lightness. However, he didn’t further per sue his idea (Hot Air Balloon History).<br />Joseph Michael and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier lived in France and were paper makers. Their father wanted them to have a good education and sent them away to go to a private school. So they were educated, but after their education they continued to work on their paper mill. In 1782, they started their experiments to find if it really was possible to lift things from the Earth by using hydrogen gas said by Henry Cavendish. They filled a silk bag with hot air. The silk bag was less dense than the air, so it floated. Then the two brothers made their experiment a little bigger. Instead of using a small silk bag, they made a large bag that was shaped like a sphere. Then, they filled it with hot air from a fire and sent farm animals up in it. The farm animals were in a basket hanging below. After this success, they decided to send a human up in the hot air balloon. On November 21, 1783 they sent Pilatre De Rozier, a scientist, and Marquisd’Artandes on a hot air balloon flight in Paris. They were tied down for safety; however, they reached a height of 300 feet and stayed in the air for 20 minutes. Once the news of this success spread, the advancements on the hot air balloon spread rapidly. December 1, 1783 Jacques Charles and Moel Roberts lasted 27 minutes in the air in Paris as well, being the first officially in flight (in the other experiment, the balloon was tied down). Then, on June 4 in 1784, Elizabeth Thible became the first women to fly in a hot air balloon in Lyons, France.<br /><strong>What is a hot air balloon made of?<br /></strong> The major principle that makes the hot air balloon work is that hot air rises in cooler air. Why? The hot air rises because it is less dense. There are three main parts to a hot air balloon, the envelope, the basket, and the burner (How The Balloon Works).<br />The envelope, shown in figure 2, is the actually balloon part of the hot air balloon. Today it is made of nylon strips which are called gores. These gores go from the bottom of the envelope (balloon part) to the crown. The bottom two thirds is made of a combination or polyester and nylon this is similar to what a parachute would be made of. The envelope has to be woven extremely tightly in order to be air tight, keeping in the hot air which makes it float. Polyester and nylon are used because they are both lightweight and they are resistant to the high temperatures that are required for the balloon to rise. The bottom part of the envelope is called the skirt. The skirt is made of a material called Nomex. This different material is used because it’s extremely fire resistant (it’s the same material that fire fighters use) and the base of the envelope is what’s most exposed to the flames. The top one third of the envelope is made by the material hyperlast. Hyperlast is used because it is extremely strong. Also, it has a silicon coating on it to prevent mould or fungi build up. There are many different shapes, sizes, colors, and designs that envelopes come in.<br /> The basket is another important part in hot air balloons as shown in figure 3. Without the basket there wouldn’t be any passengers or a conductor, and furthermore, there wouldn’t be a spot for the gas cylinders. Today, baskets are made of Kooboo and Palambang cane because of their lightweight, flexibility, and durability. It’s important to be flexible and durable for landing because when the hot air balloon lands, there is a lot of force exerted on it and the flexibility helps it absorb some of the pressure. Baskets come in many different shapes and sizes, but there are two main types of baskets, Open baskets and T-partition baskets. The open basket is completely open so that you could walk around on the whole thing as seen in figure 4.<br />Whereas the closed basket, as seen in figure 5, has different sections.<br />The last key component of the hot air balloon is the burner shown in figure 6. The burner is what allows the balloon to go in the air. The propane needed to heat the air is stored in cylinders in the balloon basket. The propane is stored in very compressed cylinders and is ignited by a pilot light. The flame burns and heats up the metal around it, heating the air. There are many different types of burners depending on the size of the hot air balloon and there can be quieter flames also.<br /> Once you get up, how do you get down? First, you go up by opening the propane valve, which goes to the burner and lights a flame which then goes into the envelope. The more you open the valve, the more heat is released, so the rate of going up increases faster. Now, how do you get down? The parachute valve at the top of the balloon is a circle that has been cut out of the top of the balloon. Attached to the circle is a chord. The pilot just needs to pull the chord so the valve opens. This decreases the temperature bringing the hot air balloon closer to the ground (How the Balloon Works).<br /><strong>How is it used today?<br /></strong> The hot air balloon is used all over the world today. They are used for leisure activities, commercial flight, advertising for companies, sport, and weddings. You can go in a balloon ride for fun, for your wedding, or even to advertise your business. Hot air balloon has now even become a sport (How The Balloon Works)!<br />Conclusion<br /> The hot air balloon was started by two brothers, who worked in a paper mill, Joseph Michael and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier (First Hot Air Balloon). Then, many scientists built off of their ideas. Today, their advances and trails have made a great impact on the world. Up, up, and away!<br /><strong>Journal Article: Hot Air Balloon Engine<br /></strong> This journal article talks about the balloon engine. It talks about how a balloon works and the math behind the engineering of the balloon. It discusses the ability to make an engine for a hot air balloon. The costs that it would have and also how it would impact the environment. It also talks about the heights that it could and the potential that it has (Hot Air Balloon Engine).<br /><strong>Bibliography<br /></strong>"How the Balloon Works." Eballoon.org. Web. <http:>.<br />"The First Hot Air Balloon." Web. <http: id="1122868">.<br /><br />"Hot Air Balloon History - Invention of the Hot Air Balloon." The Great Idea Finder - Celebrating the Spirit of Innovation. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. <http:>.<br /><br />“Hot Air Balloon Engine.” Renewable Energy. Elsevier. Web. <www.solartran.com.au>.Lisa Dunleavyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12963685044336716171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-70018337915266285412011-02-18T03:06:00.000-08:002011-02-18T03:43:36.459-08:00Unknown exteriors (the universe) – Gustavo Grinsteins<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tLfyAUTopbM/TV5W5yGmROI/AAAAAAAAAA8/h5tidOMkzZ0/s1600/blog%2B5.png"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-flGfW3IX3lY/TV5WUezK2pI/AAAAAAAAAA0/foFaxR_eNKE/s1600/blog%2B4.png"></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EuD4aYTVWH4/TV5V6ApUrxI/AAAAAAAAAAs/YZumBdOJ7M0/s1600/blog%2B3.png"></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RaslkwnFgNA/TV5Ui8TnIWI/AAAAAAAAAAk/DxVrms-7zGk/s1600/blog2.png"></a><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ja7MfaVY-WI/TV5UMlulm0I/AAAAAAAAAAc/JjNe4pBWosY/s1600/blog1.png"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ja7MfaVY-WI/TV5UMlulm0I/AAAAAAAAAAc/JjNe4pBWosY/s200/blog1.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574985963993930562" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">I.</span></span></span></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">First idea of the universe </span></span></span></b></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">The Greek mathematician </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Pythagoras Of Samos </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">had a cozy picture of the universe. The earth was at the center, surrounded by a series of ever larger spheres, having the sun, the moon, the stars, and the other planets as part of these system. As the spheres turned Pythagoras describe that movement as a musical note. As they turned together they produced a perfect harmony (</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">harmony is a state recognized by great philosophers as beauty, a compound is termed </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">beautiful</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> only when its parts are in </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">harmonious</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> combination). After this theory </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Aristotle</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> a Greek philosopher tried to solve the idea of what caused he spheres to move, By the earth being static Aristotle thought that it wasn’t the cause of the movement of the spheres, instead he inferred that the movement of the outer most sphere was causing the movement of the other spheres. But what was causing this last sphere to move?</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Aristotle answer was something he called “primer mover” that resembled God. The universe described by Aristotle and Pythagoras was finite. Beyond the outer most sphere there was only the “prime mover”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><!--StartFragment--></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RaslkwnFgNA/TV5Ui8TnIWI/AAAAAAAAAAk/DxVrms-7zGk/s200/blog2.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574986348011921762" style="text-align: justify;float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 191px; " /></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">II.</span></span></span></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">The Copernican Universe: “ A Solar System”</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></o:p></p> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Nicolaus Copernicus </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Change the hole idea about the earth being the center of the universe. Copernicus borne in Poland was an astronomer, a student of economics, law and medicine, but his doctorade in canon law and spend his life as a canon in the cathedral in Frombork. This fact is interesting because the church was insistent in that the earth was the center of the universe. Many people before him thought that the Earth and other astronomical figures revolve around the sun (</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">one of the ancient Greek astronomers, Aristarchus, did have ideas similar to those more fully developed by Copernicus but they were rejected in favor of the geocentric or earth-centered scheme as was espoused by Aristotle)</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> Copernicus was a man of high reputation so he was allowed to present his theories in a series of lectures in Rome. The Copernican universe had the sun at its center with, in order, Mercury, Venus, earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and then the stars rotating around it. The “revolution of the celestial spheres”, probably was the greatest achievement in that era.</span></span></span></div></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><!--StartFragment--></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">III.</span></span></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Galileo Galilei</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EuD4aYTVWH4/TV5V6ApUrxI/AAAAAAAAAAs/YZumBdOJ7M0/s200/blog%2B3.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574987843825348370" style="text-align: justify;float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 129px; height: 200px; " /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Galileo was a brilliant astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and artist. Galileo learned of the invention of the telescope in Holland. He devised a vastly superior model. Galileo made a series of profound discoveries using his new telescope, including the moons of the planet Jupiter and the phases of the planet Venus (similar to those of Earth's moon). This caused Galileo support in the theory of the Copernican universe, causing to put him in direct opposition to church teachings. He was placed under house arrest and forced to deceive his conclusions.</span></div><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="202" path="m0,0l0,21600,21600,21600,21600,0xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t202" style="'position:absolute;" wrapcoords="0 0 21600 0 21600 21600 0 21600 0 0" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:fill detectmouseclick="t"> <v:textbox inset=",7.2pt,,7.2pt"> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="'mso-bidi-;font-family:Verdana;color:#262626';">Working only on instinct and bits of rumors, never having actually seen the Dutch telescope, he built a 3-power telescope. After some refinement, he brought a 10-power telescope </span></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> <w:wrap type="tight"> </v:shape><![endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><br /></span></span></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">IV.</span></span></span></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Science detects a “big bang” at the beginning of time.</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">We certainly know that our universe exists, however, this knowledge alone has not satisfied human request</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-flGfW3IX3lY/TV5WUezK2pI/AAAAAAAAAA0/foFaxR_eNKE/s200/blog%2B4.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574988298596309650" style="text-align: justify;float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 197px; " /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">for further understanding. Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and furthermore, the place of the universe itself.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">The Big bang is a theory that asserts that about 13.7 billion years ago the universe emerged from an infinitely small, hot, and dense point that was called “singularity”, and began its expansion at once. Within three minutes after the explosion the first atoms were emerging. After this the production of light elements, like hydrogen, began to appear in vast numbers. All this took minutes, but it was another 380,000 years before the hydrogen gas cooled sufficiently to form molecules, and 200 million before the first stars coalesced. Everything was rushing outward from that initial burst. The big bang theory first began to take shape in 1927 when Georges Lemaitre publishes the theory.</span></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span><!--StartFragment--></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">V.</span></span></span></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Large Hadron Collider: “the big bang experiment”</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">The Large Hadron </span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tLfyAUTopbM/TV5W5yGmROI/AAAAAAAAAA8/h5tidOMkzZ0/s200/blog%2B5.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574988939433231586" style="text-align: justify;float: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 117px; " /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">(LHC), is the largest particle accelerator in the world, which has the aim of reproducing conditions similar to those produced during the Big Bang in order to study the origins of matter,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">and </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">see how matter behaved a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Researchers have some ideas of what to expect, but also expect the unexpected</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">. The </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">large particle accelerator is located in a 27 kilometers-long underground tunnel, which straddles the border between France and Switzerland. Inside the tunnel, proton beams will be accelerated at speeds close to the speed of light and will be made to collide. This will allow conditions of extremely high-density energy to be reproduced, close to those of the initial instants of the universe, the Big Bang. The collider was first proposed more than 20 years ago, and the beam for more than ten years.</span></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"> </span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">VI. Sources</span></b> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul><li><a href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html">http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta19.htm">http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta19.htm</a></li><li><a href="http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/galileo.html">http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/galileo.html</a></li><li><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080910-collider-success.html">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080910-collider-success.html</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913103611.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913103611.htm</a></li><li><a href="http://www.lhc.ac.uk/">http://www.lhc.ac.uk/</a></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">Book: Time "100 ideas that changed the world"</span></li></ul><p></p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:135.35pt"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-;font-family:Arial;font-size:13.0pt;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:135.35pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></p><p></p></span><p></p></span></div></span></span> <!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-47882121469087783922011-02-17T19:11:00.001-08:002011-02-17T19:15:08.938-08:00The Invention of the Internet<style>@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }a:link, span.MsoHyperlink { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; }a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { color: purple; text-decoration: underline; }span.fullpost { }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 200%;" align="center">Introduction</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">The Internet is one of the most influential inventions off all time. It is also one of the most unique.<span style=""> </span>There are no other inventions that can do the amount of things the Internet can do.<span style=""> </span>Between giving us an unlimited amount of information to letting people thousands of miles away communicate in real time, and everything in-between; the Internet has a lot offer.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdEM-S_iZL3DKVzz47IGWJHuNi6vLA0_eYqSxqrw949iG7QzSUThfgUwYZBVVdDCRNGa0WC8wt9DUxUWg6SECWlTf6jrU5TShfa7JwBsn3t6LSBoWeqC2gkpLZlEWXITK9la3KkA9sr0/s1600/anonymous_by_anonymityno_identity.jpg"><br /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPDJlvr_PLn9rPBqu9DY-Gg5RT0XVnMM4Fzn4RcRxwHEMmKpBHpmv0CbED8Gf3NUARWPZeqxi6lOilzmyYB6XI22skmKYyRfFRzVEHqlFDBT_3WUDYcbryicelXPU8b-cXCtPu5V-VykY/s1600/300px-Internet_map_1024.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPDJlvr_PLn9rPBqu9DY-Gg5RT0XVnMM4Fzn4RcRxwHEMmKpBHpmv0CbED8Gf3NUARWPZeqxi6lOilzmyYB6XI22skmKYyRfFRzVEHqlFDBT_3WUDYcbryicelXPU8b-cXCtPu5V-VykY/s320/300px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574862074929885554" border="0" /></a><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center">Invention</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">The Internet was originally a government invention.<span style=""> </span>It was used in hopes to have a form of connection between government computers and in different parts of the country.<span style=""> </span>Specifically the Pentagon and the SAC. One man did not invent the Internet.<span style=""> </span>The government employed many men to invent it. Eventually, the ARPANET was made.<span style=""> </span>This was made to be able to work from host-to-host.<span style=""> </span>Although, the Internet could have been available for twenty years, it wasn’t released to 1991.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMHuXDN1IlsggipVNojs_61kCJ277_QU08Vsn5-3yXxqRRrS39V2RmpYfkemQMua8CZXDyN3VyAaySSRf36W3ovvNhsZYbqf0gnce2_NKq0WpYrlECT8QRNeRivWWyaX-Rw7EAbh5tEA/s1600/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 165px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMHuXDN1IlsggipVNojs_61kCJ277_QU08Vsn5-3yXxqRRrS39V2RmpYfkemQMua8CZXDyN3VyAaySSRf36W3ovvNhsZYbqf0gnce2_NKq0WpYrlECT8QRNeRivWWyaX-Rw7EAbh5tEA/s320/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574862238914603954" border="0" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center">Influence on humanity</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">The Internet has influenced almost everyone.<span style=""> </span>This is because it has something that is intriguing to everyone.<span style=""> </span>There are countless websites offering almost anything the mind can think of.<span style=""> </span>This is why teens average 31 hours a week online.<span style=""> </span>This is a large contribution to the average of <span class="fullpost">52,357,293,525 hits per day.<span style=""> </span>The top three sites contribute over 5 billion of those hits.<span style=""> </span>Number one is the social networking site Facebook.<span style=""> </span>The site has over half a billion users.<span style=""> </span>Which is well over the number of people in the United States.<span style=""> </span>Number two is the search engine Google. Then third is Youtube.<span style=""> </span>A website used for sharing videos.<span style=""> </span>Because of this site many people’s careers have started, such as Justine Beiber.<span style=""> </span>Others use Youtube as their main source of income.<span style=""> </span>The Internet also has significant power, much more then most recognize.<span style=""> </span>For example, there is a group on the Internet called Anonymous.<span style=""> </span>And they can and will do almost whatever they want.<span style=""> </span>They are very opinionated and are incredibly skilled with computers.<span style=""> </span>A perfect example of what they can do is when a video surfaced of a woman throwing puppies into a river.<span style=""> </span>As I’m sure you can imagine, they were disgusted. Within 24 hours found her.<span style=""> </span>They to proceeded to torment her and contacted local authorities.<span style=""> </span>They have also done much more significant things.<span style=""> </span>A few months ago, they put a worm virus in the Iran nuclear systems.<span style=""> </span>A worm virus is a virus that will enter the computer, and duplicate itself, and then the duplicates will duplicate and so on.<span style=""> </span>Making the virus very difficult to stop.<span style=""> </span>Because of this it will take Iran two years to get back to where they were. <span style=""> </span>The Internet has influenced humanity in incredible ways.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdEM-S_iZL3DKVzz47IGWJHuNi6vLA0_eYqSxqrw949iG7QzSUThfgUwYZBVVdDCRNGa0WC8wt9DUxUWg6SECWlTf6jrU5TShfa7JwBsn3t6LSBoWeqC2gkpLZlEWXITK9la3KkA9sr0/s1600/anonymous_by_anonymityno_identity.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 232px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdEM-S_iZL3DKVzz47IGWJHuNi6vLA0_eYqSxqrw949iG7QzSUThfgUwYZBVVdDCRNGa0WC8wt9DUxUWg6SECWlTf6jrU5TShfa7JwBsn3t6LSBoWeqC2gkpLZlEWXITK9la3KkA9sr0/s320/anonymous_by_anonymityno_identity.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574862558858083954" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span class="fullpost"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span class="fullpost"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center">Review of Journal Article</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">In the journal article <u>How the Internet Came to be, </u>Vinton Cerf talks about the birth of ARPANET, the Internet, and how the Internet eventually took off. This article was incredibly helpful in finding information about the invention of the Internet. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center">Resources</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">How the Internet came to be <a href="http://www.webmastercourse.com/articles/internet/history/">http://www.webmastercourse.com/articles/internet/history/</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">The Internet</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet</a> </p>David Pruehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14832005103510938716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-63971626460519247622011-02-17T18:08:00.001-08:002011-02-17T18:13:29.987-08:00<strong><em>The Discovery of DNA- Brooke Mastmeier<br /><br />I. Introduction-</em></strong> DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic directions that are used for the development of all living organisms. DNA consists of two long polymers, and the backbones of DNA that are made up of phosphate and sugar groups that are joined by ester bonds. The two long strands run in opposite directions which make them: anti-parallel. DNA was discovered, but wasn’t recognized as genetic material until a century later!<br />Figure 1:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibqEsn4Mxt4EZIXXTmyHFtUYhmA0O2zHQW8nSX_Bz6cVSui5Y3xQZ24qn3P6XdIhHE7qq1HL99xkUWVqpuAaXpm9cJKT0_K1J4inV2PNNQo96iwEURpndLuZ9KUD5wyxgGWO02YMVneIF/s1600/DNAAAA.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 208px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibqEsn4Mxt4EZIXXTmyHFtUYhmA0O2zHQW8nSX_Bz6cVSui5Y3xQZ24qn3P6XdIhHE7qq1HL99xkUWVqpuAaXpm9cJKT0_K1J4inV2PNNQo96iwEURpndLuZ9KUD5wyxgGWO02YMVneIF/s320/DNAAAA.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574845939042289922" /></a><br /><br /><br /><strong><em>II. Discovery-</em></strong> In 1953 two young scientists said that they found “the secret to life.” James Watson and Francis Crick had discovered DNA. The find led to biotechnology industry and the deciphering of the human genetic blueprint! The discovery didn’t come randomly, ten years prior Oswald Avery had suspected that DNA carried genetic information. Using X-ray diffraction, Franklin and Wilkins beamed X-rays through the structure of the molecule, and the X-ray bounced off of its component parts. After Watson and Crick saw the picture they discovered that DNA had two chains that were made up of nucleotides, and that it had formed a double helix. The discovery was announced in 1953, and they explained how DNA could replicate itself during cell division which enabled organisms to reproduce themselves. For there work they received the Nobel peace prize in 1962.<br />Figure 2:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglKs9m0b-Iq_w6lF43-SxU-FM3m1zdsPeAtrKZ8e9evTdCIb3J0EUTYhyphenhyphenFX7V6DD9_i8G3tDX6DIfJ7Fbh7XVfmQbi-rufkBVYkrqnR2PnAu47DH8_EUwId4Vp8g5_jTqfA8hW1Mgc11YU/s1600/vfg.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 205px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglKs9m0b-Iq_w6lF43-SxU-FM3m1zdsPeAtrKZ8e9evTdCIb3J0EUTYhyphenhyphenFX7V6DD9_i8G3tDX6DIfJ7Fbh7XVfmQbi-rufkBVYkrqnR2PnAu47DH8_EUwId4Vp8g5_jTqfA8hW1Mgc11YU/s320/vfg.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574846240035319266" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><em><strong>III. Biography of Investigators-</strong></em><br />Francis Crick-<br /> Francis Crick was educated near London, he received a BS degree in physics at college. He became interested in Biology and wanted to focus on proteins and the effect of X-Rays had on them. <br /><br />James Watson-<br /> James Watson was born in Chicago and had gotten a scholarship to the University of Chicago. He received a degree in the field on zoology at Indiana University, there he studied the effect of X-rays on bacteria.<br /><br />-When Crick and Watson met at the University of Cambridge, and they both had an interest in discovering a genes real structure. They had experimented with paste cardboard, they later figured out the DNA was composed of 2 double helical-configurations.<br /><br /><em><strong>IV. Impact on the World-</strong></em> The discovery of DNA was the most significant discovery of the 20th century! This discovery was important and has had an impact on medicines and science. It has helped to identify genes that lead to the development of diseases also to producing pharmaceuticals. The discovery of DNA has even helped with things such as cloning, identifying victims, and even determining a person guilty or innocent in a crime. The analysis of genes has transformed the world! <br /><em><strong> <br />V. Journal Article-</strong></em>Kiss, J. Z. (2007). Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. The American Biology Teacher, 69(2), 120. Retrieved February 17, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5028563177<br /> This Journal Article is an article that explains the biography of one of the discoverers: Francis Crick. It explains how Francis Crick received various awards for his discovery. It also explains that it was one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century, also how he is a hero to the science world!<br /><em><strong><br />VI. References-</strong></em><br />1. "Biography of Francis Crick & James Watson." Biography, Autobiography & Memoir resources at BiographyShelf.com.(n.d.) Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.biographyshelf.com/francis><br /><br />2. "DNA." Wikipedia. (n.d.) Web. 16 Feb. 2011. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna>. <br /><br />3. "Evolution: Library: The Discovery of DNA's Structure." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. (n.d.) Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution<br /><br />4. Kiss, J. Z. (2007). Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. The American Biology Teacher, 69(2), 120. Retrieved February 17, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5028563177<br /><br />5. "The Importance of DNA." Rosalind Frankiln University. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <www.rosalindfranklin.edu/dnn/portals<br /><br />Figure 1:<br />http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biojobblog.com/uploads/image/dna_500.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biojobblog.com/tags/dna/&usg=__B6o4S-65xfcmD7OhJOoiiJvIKE4=&h=325&w=500&sz=29&hl=en&start=0&sig2=B60rVwC0FhtVO05WlnsUSQ&zoom=1&tbnid=CRLQYP7d9d_TcM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=175&ei=wkpbTYC5AoP-8Aa306T6DA&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDNA%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADSA_enUS349US351%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D591%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=114&vpy=112&dur=813&hovh=181&hovw=279&tx=124&ty=85&oei=wkpbTYC5AoP-8Aa306T6DA&page=1&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0<br /><br />Figure 2:<br />http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i202.photobucket.com/albums/aa144/Primate_bucket/Franklin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scienceblogs.com/primatediaries/2009/07/today_in_history_rosalind_fran.php&usg=__Nv9TJnxZKecLHWdEcIf-3W8-N5s=&h=624&w=520&sz=45&hl=en&start=15&sig2=6NWkCaTVKSwqIBQAA_Yt6g&zoom=1&tbnid=0sjG1RjhazRmyM:&tbnh=139&tbnw=124&ei=sU9bTaDvF8Gatwetx43MCw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddiscovery%2Bof%2Bdna%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADSA_enUS349US351%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D591%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C266&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=126&vpy=250&dur=2328&hovh=246&hovw=205&tx=97&ty=133&oei=qU9bTdasC4P98AbQyfCGDQ&page=2&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:15&biw=1003&bih=591Brooke Mhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01569689143855936209noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-72075137186761039092011-02-16T16:36:00.000-08:002011-02-16T16:36:22.064-08:00Carbonated Beverages by Sammy Bozza<span lang="EN"> <strong>I. Introduction</strong><br />
You add a little CO2 to some H20. One thing leads to another, and one of the most successful industries is born. “A soft drink (also referred to as soda, soda pop, pop, cold drink, carbonated beverage, tonic, coke, fizzy drink or mineral) is a non-alcoholic beverage typically containing water (often carbonated water) and a flavoring agent. Many of these beverages are sweetened by the addition of sugar or high-fructose corn syrup, or in the case of "diet" drinks, with a sugar substitute.” Some examples of a soft drink are coca-cola, sprite, and dr. pepper.<br />
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<img border="0" j6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjadvNzT52kjZzbpv5raEG6iq7L0CF_yMNh3qa3LF6A5X555UP4aQc7eLouMzFUWM6VOCShBmoVKLQ_NxrT4MUmzH1pHusWCZB4NL2fPCKvRq-2nnegTQDoIDVsdEIXL-V0pCJhvrZlbBs/s1600/Prod_carbonated.jpg" />Figure 1.</div>
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II. Discovery</b>The history of soft drinks goes back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered healthy, and was said to have “curative powers.” Scientists soon discovered carbon dioxide was the cause of the bubbles in natural mineral water. In 1767, Joseph Priestley invented the first drinkable manmade glass of carbonated water. However, carbonated beverages did not become popular until John Mathews invented his apparatus to make the carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus and sold tem to soda fountain owners. Coca Cola came on the market in 1886 as a syrup mixed with carbonated water. “The invention of the cork in 1892 by William Painter, and the invention of glass-blown bottles by Michael J. Owens in 1899, led to mass-produced carbonated drinks that did not lose their carbonation.” In 1938, Cliquot Club ginger ale was the first drink to be carbonated in a can. Pepsi followed soon after with canned soda in 1948, and Dr. Pepper soon came after in 1955. Carbonated drinks were soon one top choices in beverages. In the 1950s, carbonated drinks were marketed for their abilities to aid in digestion, however it soon became equivalent to junk food. In 1972, Pepsi was the first company to use multi-packs of cans.<br />
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III. Inventor</div>
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Joseph Priestley is said to be the father of the soda industry. Priestley was the first scientist to prove that oxygen was an important part to combustion. “Joseph Priestley also discovered hydrochloric acid, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide.” In 1767 he invented the first drinkable glass of carbonated water. He explained how to make soda water by publishing a paper titled <u>“Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air (1772).” </u>However he wrote so he did not risk any business exploitations. Joseph Priestley was also the founder of the eraser. On April 15, 1770, Joseph Priestley discovered that the Indians’ gum had the ability to rub out or erase lead pencil marks.</div>
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<img border="0" height="135" j6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mldHJtmCj2JCe6XVMsUZEjZEBGhAShpvyU_VV2rxlEFdrIwn11V9insEoOx8A0InCmbfcpYHBhhRwIVlsheNzgilTcLiMi9jv8S-_wVAgkHNjYki4G-wMR2oDdpZ4wx4T8qtNRA83OY/s200/getty_rf_photo_of_carbonated_cola_bubbles.jpg" width="200" />Figure 2.</div>
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<strong>IV. Impact on Humanity Today</strong></div>
Carbonated beverages today are seen everywhere you look. There are many different companies that make carbonated beverages. Some examples are Coke, Pepsi, Sprite, Dr.Pepper and Mug (root beer). Originally carbonated beverages were supposed to cure people from sickness; now it is killing people. Carbonated drinks contain many different ingredients that are dangerous to the body. Sodas have a very high amount of sodium, caffeine, and additives with absolutely no nutritional value. Carbonated beverages are also linked to health problems such as obesity, heart disease, tooth decay, and much more. Now that there is no going back, we need to be careful about the consumption of carbonated beverages. Every once in a while wont kill you… maybe just a little bit<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">J</span> .<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJjNIabDw2N8tw6Jk3A05tmsz75L0yrQNQcVGqK67-n2zUBbGp-iBN2nfI_-_zqjVTIZ9i2QLB9TVz8Deo7L5z8Xy2zeJOsdglk77TfNWA9frSzNa-eY06UBrvphEEqHKyeQ4xOZ01Mo/s1600/soda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" j6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJjNIabDw2N8tw6Jk3A05tmsz75L0yrQNQcVGqK67-n2zUBbGp-iBN2nfI_-_zqjVTIZ9i2QLB9TVz8Deo7L5z8Xy2zeJOsdglk77TfNWA9frSzNa-eY06UBrvphEEqHKyeQ4xOZ01Mo/s200/soda.jpg" width="156" /></a>Figure 3.</div>
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<strong>V. Journal Article.</strong>This Article talks about the history of carbonated beverages and touches briefly on the inventor Joseph Priestley. It also has a section about how carbonated beverages affect us in a negative way. This site showed the same information as other sites that I visited, so I believe it is a trustworthy site.<br />
<b><br />
VI. List of References</b>1. Whardon, Ella “The History of Carbonation” Retrieved February 16, 2011. <http://www.ehow.com/about_6311975_history-carbonation.html><br />
2. Rada, Jim “From Mineral Water to Coca-Cola. The History of Soda Pop and Carbonated Beverages” Retrieved February 16, 2011. <http://www.suite101.com/content/from-mineral-water-to-cocacola-a87250><a href="http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/soft_drinks.htm"></a><br />
3. Bellis, Mary “Joseph Priestley” Retrieved February 16, 2011. <http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventors/a/JosephPriestley.htm><br />
4. Bellis, Mary “Introduction to Pop. The History of Soft Drinks” February 16, 2011. http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/soft_drinks.htm</span>sammyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15356762960527080287noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-19536279754966125402011-02-16T16:05:00.000-08:002011-02-17T13:57:18.557-08:00Assembly Line<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgld3gx5Y5rPclFSIdaZBiQ1nNWvRH_uuoCJBTyVsotHvNkfO5Fs3sAB3LmxP6QAVegE4s7NNekQp0Wq1HHPZHVNP9k9Toua38UScB4msWx7B9p_zyTsu-TpB_nF6hRC4Xab1F0QqrVpdI/s1600/modelaassmline.1163.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgld3gx5Y5rPclFSIdaZBiQ1nNWvRH_uuoCJBTyVsotHvNkfO5Fs3sAB3LmxP6QAVegE4s7NNekQp0Wq1HHPZHVNP9k9Toua38UScB4msWx7B9p_zyTsu-TpB_nF6hRC4Xab1F0QqrVpdI/s320/modelaassmline.1163.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574770017901456050" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Assembly Line</b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" > I. Introduction:</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; "><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><tbody style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><tr valign="top" class="tr2" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td colspan="2" class="td2" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Assembly Line, -n.</td></tr><tr valign="top" class="tr3" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td align="right" width="1%" class="td3n1" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></td><td class="td3n2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span id="hotword" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; "><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">A</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">sequence</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">of</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; background-color: transparent; cursor: default; ">machines,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">tools,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">operations,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">workers,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">etc,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">in</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">a </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">factory,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">arranged</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">so</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">that</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">at</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; cursor: default; background-color: transparent; ">each</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">stage</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">a</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">further</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">process</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">is </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; ">carried</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> </span><span id="hotword" name="hotword" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: static; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;">out. The assembly line was first perfected between 1908 to 1915 by </span>Henry<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> Ford because of the need for a faster way t </span>produce<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> cars. This creation forever changed the way products were manufactured. </span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >II. Discovery:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">In the late 19th century most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A craftsman would build there part of the product and then join it together with the other pieces. Before the Industrial Revolution the world new did not commonly use the assembly line method, while it had been around for many years already. The Ford Assembly Line was developed after William "Pa" Klann visited a slaughter house in Chicago and saw what he called a "disassembly line", which was used to gut, skin, and butchered. He noticed that the same person removed the same part of the animal every time the animal was passed to him and then would pass it on to the next person. William then told Peter E. Martin, Head of Production for Ford about the idea of an assembly line, and the idea was passed along to Henry Ford. The process was then put to trial and error. After all of the problem had been worked out Ford's cars were able to be produced one every three minutes. This was so fast that the cars were only available in one color, black, because other paint wouldn't die fast enough. Because the assembly line could produce cars so fast, the price of them dropped greatly, with the average worker able to buy one with only about four months pay. Soon other companies began to use the assembly line to. Ford considered suing them for stealing his ideas but decide against it because he realized it would benefit industry greatly. Because of the assembly line, Ford was able to quickly spread to other countries, forcing other companies to switch to assembly lines in order to survive. Those that had not switched by 1930 disappeared. However, the assembly line did have some problems. Besides the boredom that comes with standing in the same spot all day doing the same thing over and over again, many workers had ear damage from the loud nosies of the factory and only had about 25 centimeters to move around. The assembly line was a fairly basic idea that has only grown in size sense. Today, most assembly line building is done by machines with humans only need to supervise.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >III. Biography of the Discoverer:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Henry Ford was born July 30, 1863. He is most popular for developing the assembly line, which changed the ways of production worldwide. For most of his early life Ford worked on the family farm just outside of Detroit, Mi with his two brothers and two sisters. After his mothers death in 1876 Ford went to work in Detroit. He later returned to the farm in 1882 to help out his family. In 1888 Ford married Clara Ala Bryant and supported his family buy running a sawmill and farming. They had one child, Edsel Ford. in 1891 Ford started working for Edison Illuminating Company were he developed a self propelled vehicle called the "Ford Quadricycle". After many test drives, Ford began to improve his design. After many failed attempts, Ford finally was able to start his own car company. Ford died in from a Cerebral Hemorrhage in 1947 at the age of 83, leaving is grandson in charge of his company.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >IV. Impact on the World:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">The assembly line impacted the world in many ways. It helped to create more jobs and lower prices for automobiles, and ultimately everything. The assembly line forced all other major companies to switch to assembly lines to compete with the other companies that had already switched to assembly lines. In doing so this boosted the globe economy and might have even been a major starter for the Industrial Revolution. It also paved the way for many scientific advances, such as, the creation of basic robots and other, more elaborate machinery that has ultimately taken the place of most people.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Resources:</span> <a href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/559/Assembly-Line-Role-workers.html">http://science.jrank.org/pages/559/Assembly-Line-Role-workers.html</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >V. Journal Review: </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">This article, from eyewitness history, tells how the assembly line impacted the world. It tells how all other major producers were forced to switch to assembly lines. This article also tells the story of how before the assembly line automobiles were just playthings for the rich. The article then goes on to describe </div><div style="text-align: left;">how the order of assembly was determined, with the smaller, lightweight products, in the far back half of the factory, and the heavier materials near the front.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Journal Article:</span> <a href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/ford.htm">http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/ford.htm</a></div></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div>Sammi Paxtonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17975962705692531021noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-9829423259524457642011-02-15T17:16:00.000-08:002011-02-15T17:22:06.327-08:00Pasteurization by Sarah King<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Introduction:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> Pasteurization is the process of heating a food, most often a liquid , for a definite length of time and then cooling it immediately. The process of pasteurization slows the growth of micro bacteria in food. Louis Pasteur originally developed the idea of pasteurization. The process of heating wine to preserve it longer has been documented in China from A.D. 1117 and in Japan since 1568. Commercial pasteurization began in Europe in the 1800s and in the United States in the 1900s.</span></span></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bzlz2EMKHxo/TVsmAhjeNhI/AAAAAAAAAAk/NeXQLvX1hv4/s320/Pasteurization.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574090754250126866" /> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Discovery</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">: Louis Pasteur did much research with microbiology, and soon realized that by heating wine, he could further preserve it. Louis pasteurization process concluded that all fermentable liquid could be prevented from spoiling with specific heating treatments. His method was mainly implemented to save wine and beers from diseases by heating at 55 degrees. Louis proved that all germs came from germs, and by killing all of the germs in a product, it would prevent further germs from growing.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Biography of Investigator:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> Louis Pasteur was born in France on December 27, 1822. His family was very poor and he grew up in the small town of Arbois. Louis worked hard as a student and in 1847 earned his doctorate. He worked as a teacher’s assistant and continued his work on fermentation that he started in Strasbourg. By 1857, Louis Pasteur was world famous. In 1863, he became the dean of a new science facility at Lille University. In 1867, a laboratory was established for his discovery of the rabies vaccine. It was known as the Pasteur Institute and Louis was in charge of it until his death in 1895.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Impact on the World: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">As the process of pasteurization became even more and more common, Pasteur’s process was best associated with foods and milk. The impact the pasteurization had on modern society was huge. It made preserving food and liquids much easier and more affordable. Since food could be pasteurized and therefore preserved, families began to grow a surplus of food. Today, pasteurization is applied to a huge list of food, including eggs, almonds, pickles, fish, cornbread, maple syrup, dairy products and many others. The most widespread use of pasteurization today is still in milk and dairy products. The effects of pasteurization greatly influenced milk production.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It reduced the agents that caused diseases and made it go sour. Overall, pasteurization was a great innovation for today’s modern society: it allowed foods and liquids to be safely stored without the risk of disease.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Review of Journal Article:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/7/1433"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/7/1433</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In this article, it discusses how cow’s milk that has the bacteria Listeria </span></span><span style="color:#262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">monocytogenes, a common food borne bacteria was heated, and then quickly cooled. The results of this indicated that regardless of the heat applied, Listeria monocytogenes were still found. The heat that was applied was the minimum heat that the Food and Drug Administration requires for a food to be pasteurized. This shows that the bacteria L. monocytogenes can survive the minimum temperature that the FDA requires for pasteurizing milk. Therefore, the FDA should raise the minimum temperature to ensure the safety of pasteurized milk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#262626;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Sources: </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/7/1433"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/7/1433</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://campus.udayton.edu/~hst-102/Snyder.HTM"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://campus.udayton.edu/~hst-102/Snyder.HTM</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/louispasteur.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/louispasteur.html</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:283.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> <!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-70161304269727147122011-02-14T18:22:00.000-08:002011-02-14T18:22:26.311-08:00Turning Water into the Fuel- Jenny RiebesellIntroduction:<br />
For years people have been trying to find other resources for fuel, mainly because we have a limited supply of appropriate materials for fossil fuel, and the way we live now fuel is at an extreme;y high demand. In 2007 an inventor named John Kanzius was hoping to make a machine to cure cancer using radio waves, however while testing this he discovered something he wasn't looking for; he made saltwater catch fire.<br />
<br />
Discovery:<br />
While working to find a cure for cancer, inventor, John Kanzius discovered something that has and will shock many, water on fire. Although the saltwater isn't exactly burning, the radio frequencies act to weaken the bonds between the elements that make up salt water, releasing the hydrogen. Once ignited, the hydrogen will burn as long as it is exposed to the frequencies.When first discovered in winter 2007 people debated if water could really burn, and if so what use would come out of it.They also questioned if radio generator machine, which was intentionally used to create radio waves to cure cancer cells, could create more energy then it used up. Since John Kanzius was not looking for an energy resourse he was unsure the answers. However, what both John Kanzius and everyone else that questioned this did know was that this could be the spark of eventually a new cheaper way to create fuel.<br />
<img alt="" class="imagecache imagecache-article_image_large" src="http://www.popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/heatwaves_485.jpg" title="" /><br />
Biography on Investigator:<br />
John Kanzius was an engineer, and always working to find new discoveries. He was inspired to create this radio generator machine to cure cancer after being diagnosed with luekemia himself. When he came across the discovery of saltwater burning, despite all the media that wanted to be involved, he continued to work for the goal he had in mind, a cure for cancer, and ignore, what was in his mind, a minor discovery. However the more he looked into this he thought that if he could go off this small idea to eventually create a new resource for fuel, he figured he would be helping people either way. Unfortunately John Kanzius died February 18, 2009, at age 64 to pneumonia. Although he passed away his "small discovery" could hopefully be the start to save what many people have worried about for year, running out of fuel.<br />
<br />
Impact on the World:<br />
Although we have not put this discovery in action yet, the idea of turning in water into fuel, could save the earth. Now a days everyone is looking for ways to be fuel efficient, and find new resources for fuel, such as vegetable oil. If this could form into more then just an idea it could be the biggest and most help discovery since the invention of fuel itself. The effects are further shown in this video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OklIm5a1Lc <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzwrpz8iFeGCoxksRrSvBjA3Q19eSkcpogwN8s5WsTWEij9t6uIb3n_ESr3_qhVcKsrHd0aprNnhi7qrhLRpw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
Journal Article:<br />
http://www.naturalnews.com/030960_renewable_energy_water.html<br />
In this article it further explains the benefits of using water for energy, and how it could work. Hydrogen is what is needed to make efficient fuel, the machine that John Kanzius created breaks down the bonds that are in salt water, releasing hydrogen. If in the future they are able to further this discovery and find away to do this enable to power a car, or heat a home it could be the biggest contribution to the world of fuel that may ever happened.<br />
<br />
Bibliography:<br />
http://www.naturalnews.com/030960_renewable_energy_water.html<br />
http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2007-11/turning-water-fuel<br />
http://www.alternet.org/water/79957/ Mrs. D'Arcohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12689797137554517616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-58282981393159836662011-02-13T11:17:00.000-08:002011-02-17T17:45:15.861-08:00The Human Genome Project -- Blake Werab<strong>I. Introduction</strong><br /><div>The Human Genome Project is one of the most critical and recent discoveries of this generation. The human genome of each person is different, besides identical twins like myself, and it is the map of all our genes and DNA which makes us, us. So basically the goal of this project is to find the sequence of base pairs that make up an individual's DNA and map the genes of the human genome. It is like our karyotyping exercise we did which is the human genome. The human consists of about 3 billion DNA chemical base pairs or letters (T,A,C,G). In this project, scientist would look at the base pairs and see if they could come up with the correct or accurate genome for that individual.<br /><strong>Figure 1:</strong></div><div><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 185px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 185px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5573276018757828834" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1OR71nDFio2USyRznAt70Fi4aaErIlr0KXkfhCB7pccQzH0248jgkTMKPBan4sPAzwxVapNpazmWtQbxo_FmJRXzN1970MijEq55T-VCEF98aI91URIjzstspU0supI2kIMAg_blHtaUi/s320/300px-Karyotype.png" /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong></strong></div><div><strong>II. Discovery</strong></div><div>At first, this project was supposed to be run by James D. Watson. Watson then got in an arguement with his boss and was forced to resign. After this the project was given to one of the famous geneticists Francis Collins. Francis Collins studied at Yale University and studied the human genome. The United States Deparment of Energy began the Human Genome project in about 1990 and this was expected to take about 15 years. With a great team by his side, Collins had a rough draft by 2000 and was saving the department money. The human genome project is still continually being added onto today and the discovery of this project was and is a major breakthrough in genetics and can explain genetic reasons for unknown and rare disorders.<br /><strong>Figure 2:</strong></div><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 369px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 245px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5574831641645652834" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjTCeS-9uImUpHJqFUabVrrNyL4MK6cLKtdQLm_KJx_82zyJgPF9YJttmVXQhuvLva83FiKK-rywz3FPvH4hVp5m2xcCcMSlUCQ9HGWbAxhLXbCYgyHoTK3H7kP7owg19pXo4ywbKLScYg/s320/genome_project_cartoon.png" /><br /><br /><div><strong>III. Biography of Founder</strong></div><div>Francis Collins was born on April 14th, 1950 on a small farm in Virginia. He was home-schooled until about the 7th grade and he later attended Robert E. Lee High School. He is the youngest of his four siblings, all being boys, one being Dr. Fletcher Collins. Collins had no interest in biology and moved on to recieve a Ph.D. in physical chemistry at Yale University in 1974. He found his love of DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids) in a biochemistry class during his studies. Collins is also well-known for what he calls "positional cloning". Positional cloning is like gene hunting or looking for genes that are diseased without knowing what the abnormalities might be. Collins' team found a new approach towards genes that are the cause of cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and neurofibromatosis. In 1993 he accepted an invite to become the leader of the Human Genome Project. A working draft of the human genome was made in 2000 and Collins was very happy to the fact it was ahead of schedule and under the budget line. Collins believes that this project can help find the cures to killer diseases such as heart disease, and Type 2 diabetes. </div><div><strong>Figure 3:</strong></div><br /><br /><div><strong><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 253px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 185px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5573277022424033554" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjp1N63WtN7VWwfwcbxK9_XbUUUhGjjxH2SaVJ6sgRAJFVXgIQND2plejbMQq1GjeKegwRHDKdjh98An1qEfEHv-XEXXSkIOlPLSKrHP_E4zDfFSj-kcHhCYtM8nVEK28wbdydeciqTIOO/s320/francis-collins.jpg" /></strong></div><br /><br /><div><strong></strong></div><br /><div><strong>IV. Impact on World/Humanity </strong></div><div>The Human Genome Project basically made a map of all the base pairs in one individual's DNA. This is very critical in seeing if this person has a disorder or disfunction and what I disagree with, changing these genes to create the "perfect baby". Now I am not saying if my child, god for bid, had a deadly disorder that they can cure then I would have them cure it in a heartbeat, but if it were to just change the babies eye color then I disagree with it. The Human Genome Project is one of the most interesting topics because the genome maps out all of the genes of a human being and to find out this information is unbelievable. Also, to know all of the base pairs of your own unique DNA (besides identical twins) is pretty cool and it is a very interesting and new discovery. </div><br /><br /><div><strong></strong></div><div><strong>V. Journal Article Review</strong></div><div>This journal article, written by Virginia Miller, is a great example on how people can be helped by the discovery of the Human Genome Project. It gives examples of peoples everyday lives and shows how this project will help not only the patient, but also the patient's family. It also describes how this project can help financially with the healthcare of the patient's family and how it can even find a cure for the patient's disease, in some cases. This project is also good for the families to find out or test to see if their upcoming baby may have a deadly disorder that can only be cured in the prenatal enviorment. Then they can cure this disoreder and have a hopefully healthy baby. If the parents use this project to see what color eyes their baby will have, then I disagree because their eye color is not a matter of life and death and they can wait 9 months. </div><div><strong>Journal Article:</strong> <a href="http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5025554148">http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5025554148</a> </div><br /><br /><div><strong></strong></div><br /><div><strong>VI. Videos</strong></div><div>1) <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLbDfu4FWs">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLbDfu4FWs</a></div><div>2) <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g</a></div><div>3) <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhoVcL7Ssmk">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhoVcL7Ssmk</a></div><br /><br /><div><strong>VII. References</strong> </div><div>1) <a href="http://www.biosino.org/bioinformatics/The%20Human%20Genome%20Project%0fLessons%20from.pdf">http://www.biosino.org/bioinformatics/The%20Human%20Genome%20Project%0fLessons%20from.pdf</a></div><div>2) <a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/285/5/540.abstract">http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/285/5/540.abstract</a> </div><div>3)<a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml">http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml</a></div><div>4) <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml">http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml</a></div><div>5)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins</a>= For biography of Francis Collins</div></div>Blake Werabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13438403916784810898noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-62816334163351537522010-12-16T15:02:00.000-08:002010-12-16T15:02:11.221-08:00The Television by Nico MoschettoI. Introduction<br />
<br />
The television has a great variety of opportunities for the average family, like being informed by the latest news, instantly, or having a favorite entertaining program, or in some cases weight gain (or loss if you count excercise shows). it is also famous for its nickname 'The Idiot Box" by many mindless viewers who live their life by the T.V. This in many cases causes brain melting, overheating, or complete loss under extreme circumstances. In all seriousness, the T.V. has been around since the early 1900s and has gotten the world hooked on some of their favorite tv shows, sports, news, and all kinds of other things since its discovery. the theory had been played with years before, but nobody quite perfected so that it could be sold in stores until about 1948 when the old fashoned "bunny ears" T.V. antennae was invented by Louis Parker. <br />
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<img alt="Bush television receiver, type TV22, c 1950. " height="255" src="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/images/object_images/535x535/10405933.jpg" width="320" /><br />
figure 1<br />
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II. Discovery<br />
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No one person discovered the television itself. The idea of having moving pictures on a screen was first played with in 1884 when German scientist Paul Nipkow developed a rotating disk technology to transmit pictures over wire. It wasnt until 1953 when the first color T.V. was invented and approved by the FCC to be sold in stores. This color T.V. was first designed by a company by the name of RCA. RCA also released a cable television in the 1940s but it would have been commonly known then as the community antennae television or CATV. With the T.V. you would always expect it to come with a remote control right? wrong. until 1956, if you had a T.V. you had to change the channel in a way we now call "the old fashoned way" by using the dial on the T.V. Come to think of it, now a days, I can't even find the channel flipper on the new T.V.s anyway! Hope i never lose the remote. Children's programming emerged in the 40s but never started to pick up until the 50s when the greatly remembered shows like "Buffalo Bob" Simth's Howdy Doody time showed up and stole the old era children's T.V. spot. Currently, we now have very high technological televisions in our home and just recently, all networking was switched to digital broadcasting, which meant that all old fashoned antennae T.V.'s will no longer work. We now have High Definition television and special movie channels where you can rent the movie right on your T.V. screen through an easy selection process and a small fee. The T.V. has blown up in the face of not only the American people, but people across the world as well. Presently, there are very few Americans or Europeans without a television set in their home.<br />
<img height="226" id="il_fi" src="http://www.hdtvuk.tv/sony_w4000_bravia_lcd_tv.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="320" /><br />
figure 2<br />
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III. Successes in the World of Television<br />
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There were many contributors to the invention of the television, but no one person has gotten credit for the invention. Although, many broadcasting networks have made quite a living of the invention of the television, for example, Robert Iger, the CEO of The Walt Disney Company which owns ABC made $57 million dollars so far as CEO of the company. There are many other people involved in the world of T.V. as we've seen many fads in the era of popular television, like the japenese Animae series we have all seen since the 90s like Pokemon and other smaller T.V. shows of the same category. The point is, if your involved in the world of T.V. odds are your in good shape as long as the ideas are fresh and the people are satisfied.<br />
<br />
IV. Impact on the World<br />
<br />
The impact that T.V. has had on the world has been a ginormous one. since it got its start in the 50s it has blossomed into one of the household essentials of the modern family. Cable television companies have thrived off our need for a greater thrill, laugh, or cry, while watching this box of magic throw pictures on the screen for more than half a century. The T.V. is an idea that has been improved many times throughout history and I don't see the innovation stopping any time soon.<br />
<br />
V. Journal Article Review<br />
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"History of Television" was a great article to read. It explained a lot of the history in chronological order and made things clear to understand. The article was very informative for even a simple minded person like me. Overall i enjoyed this atricle the most because of its history of the television networks was enjoyable. This was an extremely helpful article in my project.<br />
<br />
VI. Youtube video<br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6O_I9l1kok">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6O_I9l1kok</a><br />
<br />
Sources<br />
<br />
<a href="http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television.htm">http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television.htm</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://inventors.about.com/od/kidactivities/a/children_tv.htm">http://inventors.about.com/od/kidactivities/a/children_tv.htm</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Iger">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Iger</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm">http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm</a>Nico Moschettohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03036725584429210187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-55521190068863561902010-12-13T19:01:00.000-08:002010-12-13T20:29:10.533-08:00The Bicycle by Kelby Fruecht<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJI-kZJvaumLOkLWZ7x1XfUV9JvKFU7H0GPo4BP9neCPKduHDOsK-51L_76Ck7JMfJGUEgSGg8zcuETUoZpLimRi_NY-bDmzNHTNACwxsi_Bb_pP_5_alOB-l2fqdpwdYWsDLvJdrQKA/s1600/1+bicycle.png"><br /><br /></a><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK2h9dVHDFTeurq7X92wYsD2DIQlMu1CKt9dBcdKj4G_bYIBbNMwIwW7lZVqDpjLMvu_FyIbGLi63Um5fgJtkZXh-5TOcaZ7bh91oxvsqOllwgSdbKS2KafiHnckfi4YtUA4y6-c3j26U/s1600/2+Bicycle.png"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -45pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">I.</span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">There are many things that we use almost every day that we never seem to think about. Many of these things are very useful in our lives. One invention that I believe is most used and looked over is the bicycle. Bicycles are used by countless groups of people and things like BMX, Pro Cycling, X-games, recreation, and even as a means of transportation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"></span></span></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -45pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">II.</span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">The documents and creation of the 1</span></span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">st</span></span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> bicycle was in Germany in 1817. They called it a Draisine. The Draisine was very different from the bike we know today. It had no pedals and you move it by pushing your feet on the ground. It was given many names like strider or velocipede, but as the design of the idea changed over the years, the word bicycle seemed to have stick there on. Surprisingly the word “bicycle” was devised by the French 43 years later in the 1860’s.</span></span></span></p></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJI-kZJvaumLOkLWZ7x1XfUV9JvKFU7H0GPo4BP9neCPKduHDOsK-51L_76Ck7JMfJGUEgSGg8zcuETUoZpLimRi_NY-bDmzNHTNACwxsi_Bb_pP_5_alOB-l2fqdpwdYWsDLvJdrQKA/s1600/1+bicycle.png"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJI-kZJvaumLOkLWZ7x1XfUV9JvKFU7H0GPo4BP9neCPKduHDOsK-51L_76Ck7JMfJGUEgSGg8zcuETUoZpLimRi_NY-bDmzNHTNACwxsi_Bb_pP_5_alOB-l2fqdpwdYWsDLvJdrQKA/s320/1+bicycle.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550388957052833570" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:180%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK2h9dVHDFTeurq7X92wYsD2DIQlMu1CKt9dBcdKj4G_bYIBbNMwIwW7lZVqDpjLMvu_FyIbGLi63Um5fgJtkZXh-5TOcaZ7bh91oxvsqOllwgSdbKS2KafiHnckfi4YtUA4y6-c3j26U/s1600/2+Bicycle.png"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 81pt; display: inline !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Between 1820 and 1860, there were many developments being made to make human-powered machines. The goal was to make transportation more efficient and practical. The idea of balancing on two wheels was dismissed and so all the designs had either 3 or 4 wheels. The problem with these designs was that they were extremely heavy and most of them proved to be less efficient than even walking!</span></span></span></p></a><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK2h9dVHDFTeurq7X92wYsD2DIQlMu1CKt9dBcdKj4G_bYIBbNMwIwW7lZVqDpjLMvu_FyIbGLi63Um5fgJtkZXh-5TOcaZ7bh91oxvsqOllwgSdbKS2KafiHnckfi4YtUA4y6-c3j26U/s1600/2+Bicycle.png"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space:auto"><o:p></o:p></p> <!--EndFragment--> <img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 247px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK2h9dVHDFTeurq7X92wYsD2DIQlMu1CKt9dBcdKj4G_bYIBbNMwIwW7lZVqDpjLMvu_FyIbGLi63Um5fgJtkZXh-5TOcaZ7bh91oxvsqOllwgSdbKS2KafiHnckfi4YtUA4y6-c3j26U/s320/2+Bicycle.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550380127935699186" /></a><div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">In 1870, the Frenchman Eugene Meyer was credited for inventing the high bicycle. The improvements enabled the rider capable of higher speeds based on how long your legs were.</span></span></p></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmTtKNLLlcDO8RQwuqK-J8kmeqb34uaSpW5LT6D-62qTDQ-9NDXVaakAqmMpLH2gsGXgKVQyTcXeP3MxCNb3cpJ-Zp-4hzNRL6YwWsQleNtHjW6zr7ZKperSPPIdzcFP6nqI0eBeGyZgc/s1600/3+bicycle.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 317px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmTtKNLLlcDO8RQwuqK-J8kmeqb34uaSpW5LT6D-62qTDQ-9NDXVaakAqmMpLH2gsGXgKVQyTcXeP3MxCNb3cpJ-Zp-4hzNRL6YwWsQleNtHjW6zr7ZKperSPPIdzcFP6nqI0eBeGyZgc/s320/3+bicycle.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550378051528216962" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Soon after, the bicycle that we know and recognize today was invented. The interesting thing was that it was actually called a “safety bike” because in the 1880’s and 90’s, the safety bike changed the way bikes would be forever. Before the creation of the safety bike, the bicycle was considered to be a recreational thing for men because the previous configurations and designs of the bicycle were so dangerous that most women and kids didn’t ride bicycles. Once the traditional design of the bicycle was invented, everyone started riding bikes and it became a huge sensation around the world.</span></span></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -45pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">III.</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">The inventor of the first successful traditional (safety) bicycle was John Kemp Starley. He was born in 1854 and was an English inventor who industrialized the bike and became know as the creator of the modern bicycle. He grew up being the son of a gardener. In 1872, he moved out of the house to work with his uncle building Ariel cycles. He started his own company as a partnership with a cycling enthusiast William Sutton, the company was named Starley & Sutton Co. After making kids tricycles for a year or two, the struck gold when they made the safety bike for all ages in 1889.</span></span></p></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMefuMX6sBTu3htQrrIQsWzrBHW7-f8bwhMf59TGYmqoRW9sD6enwm2nJ5wFQ8LbFBrGhU7zu1__H6UlJG09PWuOMifESyk-6djry4UVrGn2AvKRIxiY3oLbk0ebXuP3ir4XBIO8_0ybA/s1600/4+bicycle.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 202px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMefuMX6sBTu3htQrrIQsWzrBHW7-f8bwhMf59TGYmqoRW9sD6enwm2nJ5wFQ8LbFBrGhU7zu1__H6UlJG09PWuOMifESyk-6djry4UVrGn2AvKRIxiY3oLbk0ebXuP3ir4XBIO8_0ybA/s320/4+bicycle.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550373844459086402" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">They became the first bicycling company in the world to mass produce and export bikes. After much success, their company became know as the Rover Cycling Company. Then suddenly in 1901, John Starley passed away, leaving the company with William Sutton. Interestingly enough, as the years went by in the 19</span></span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">th</span></span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> century and the world started to go into the automobile era, the Rover company switched from doing bikes to motorcycles and cars. If you notice how the name Rover rings a bell? Well, this company that made the first ever modern bike, is the same exact company as Land Rover today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-45.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">IV.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">The creation of the bicycle has had a tremendous impact on the world. It opened the way for the later invention of the motorcycle and changed the way many people live, especially in countries where there is no gas or where the gas is too expensive, it has given people a means of transportation for just about anybody. Also, the bicycle has paved the way not only for transportation, but for fitness too. The bicycle has such a great impact on the world and it continues to this day.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-45.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">V.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">The article titled “Rover – How it Began” was a well written synapsis of John Starley’s rise to making the Rover Cycling company. It explained how he rose to the top and became the number one bicycle company during the early 1900’s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_bicycle"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_bicycle</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kemp_Starley"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kemp_Starley</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span></o:p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><a href="http://www.rover.org.nz/pages/histpic/hind1.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">http://www.rover.org.nz/pages/histpic/hind1.htm</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Company">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Company</a></span></span></span> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space: auto"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -45pt; "><br /></p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> <!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:81.0pt;mso-add-space:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-37570926239308853492010-12-12T21:12:00.000-08:002010-12-12T21:25:32.845-08:00The Invention of the Electric Guitar By Jay JenkinsIntroduction: <br />
<br />
Today we are so focused on our IPods and burned CD’s but we rarely take a minute to recognize the roots of these sounds. For the most part a lot of what music is happens to come from the electric guitar. This breakthrough of an invention came in 1932 and was invented by George Beauchamp. <br />
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Discovery: <br />
<br />
The electric guitar was first manufactured in the 1930’s. The earliest electric guitars had small sound holes on them. These types of guitars are still quite popular but not as popular as the new models. There are many types of electric guitars such as Solid Body, String-Through Body, Solid-Acoustic, Semi-Acoustic, Chambered, Electric Acoustic, Seven string, Eight and nine string, Ten string, Twelve string, 3rd bridge and double neck guitar. All these types of electric guitars are very different from acoustic guitars. Acoustic guitars, which have hallow bodies are used another way. Both acoustic and electric guitars convert their sound by just simply playing the strings but the electric guitar needs to be hooked up with special audible equipment like guitar amplifiers oppose to the or it would not be loud enough to perform with. Acoustic may be more natural playing but electric guitars in most cases are more upbeat and better suited for songs in the category of rock, jazz and the classics. <br />
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Biography: <br />
<br />
There are many people who had the idea of constructing inventions such as the electric guitar but the man who made the first successful instrument of this sort was George Beauchamp. Beauchamp was born on March 18, 1899. He was born and raised in Coleman County, Texas and grew up playing the violin and the lap steel guitar. As he got older these instruments inspired him to experiment with the idea of creating instruments. Beauchamp tried to invent the electric lap steel guitar and then went on to create the electric violin and eventually the first successful electric guitar. Beauchamp was involved with music nearly all his life until he died of a fatal heart attack on March 30, 1941. He was a brilliant inventor of musical instruments and gave a gift to the musical world through is creation of the electric guitar. <br />
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<img alt="Electric guitar" height="275" src="http://www.infovisual.info/04/img_en/032%20Electric%20guitar.jpg" width="320" /><br />
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<br />
Impact On World/Humanity:<br />
<br />
The Electric Guitar has without a doubt changed the world for the better. It has impacted the way we listen to music. It is a great addition to most songs we hear. Music inspires us and the electric guitar creates a sound that gets us out of our seats, pumps people up and makes us want to go out and do something with our lives. The electric guitar made the way for music like Rock, Jazz and many others. These types of music have influence lives everywhere around the world. Famous musicians like Jimi Hendrix would have never had gotten the chance to change the world with their music if not for the electric guitar. It is safe to say that the electric guitar has left a mark on the world today. <br />
<br />
Journal Article: <br />
<br />
In the Journal Article, “A Brief History of the Electric Guitar”, it describes all the types of electric guitars and what makes them different and how they are built. It says how popular the solid body electric guitar type is compared to others. Rollin’s also explains how the breakthrough of the electric guitar jumpstarted bug bands in the 30’s and 40’s. <br />
<br />
Bellis, Mary “History of the Accoustic Guitar and Electric Guitar” Dec. 2010 <br />
<http: a="" gstartinventions="" guitar.htm="" inventors.about.com=""> <br />
<br />
<http: a="" gstartinventions="" guitar.htm="" inventors.about.com="" od="">Rollins, Gary “A Brief History of the Electric Guitar” Jan. 2010 <br />
<http: ?a-brief-history-of-the-electric-guitar&id="439356" ezinearticles.com><br />
<br />
Lollar, Rick “History of the Electric Guitar” Feb. 2005 <br />
<http: frontier="" hfair="" index.htm="" <a href="http://www.ricklollar.com/">http://www.ricklollar.com/</a>=""><br />
<br />
Brain, Marshall “How Electric Guitars Work” Jul. 2002 <br />
<http: electric-guitar.htm="" entertainment.howstuffworks.com=""><http: electric-guitar.htm="" entertainment.howstuffworks.com="">sammyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15356762960527080287noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4163128141044585702.post-70458666547409388992010-12-12T18:00:00.000-08:002010-12-12T18:05:24.427-08:00<!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal">“Can you hear me now?”</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> Cell Phones, By Sarah King</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; "><img src="webkit-fake-url://8839C552-BAD2-458A-A56D-62E24326A9A5/russian-doll-cellph-phone-evolution_1.jpg" alt="russian-doll-cellph-phone-evolution_1.jpg" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; "></span>Introduction:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The cell phone originally was introduced in the 1970’s, and they were about the size of a car battery. Dr. Martin Cooper from Motorola was the first person to show a mobile phone. Motorola introduced the first commercially available mobile cell phone in 1973. By 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had cell phones.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Discovery:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The first call placed from a cell phone was from a car in St. Louis, Missouri on June 17, 1946. However, this system was too impractical from what we consider a mobile handset today. The equipment weighed 80 pounds and the service cost around $337.33 today.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The first commercially automated cell phone service, 1G, or first generation, was launched in Japan, and within five years grew to a nationwide service. In 1991 Finland introduced the first “modern” network technology, on digital 2G, or second generation. In 2001 the first commercial launch of 3G, or third generation was again in Japan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Today, cell phones are quickly advancing to 4G, or fourth generation. In December, 2009, Sprint began advertising the first 4G cell phone. Future advancements for the mobile phone are close on the horizon, as prototypes are being built and tested daily.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; "><img src="webkit-fake-url://4E7A7B51-4070-4461-82C0-129F63E41BA5/transperent-design.jpg" alt="transperent-design.jpg" /></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Investigator:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Martin Cooper was born December 26, 1928. After World War II,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>he left the Navy and in 1954 was hired by Motorola to work on their mobile communications project. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper made the first cell phone call in public. This phone connected Cooper to the base station on the roof of the Burlington House across the street from a hotel where Cooper was supposed to later hold a press conference. Reporters and passer-bys watched as Cooper dialed, help the phone to his ear, and spoke to Dr. Joel S. Engel. After demonstrating the cell phone prototype, Cooper allowed some reporters to call anyone they wanted to show how well the cell phone could work.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Impact:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Cell phones have become a norm in today’s society. When the cell phone as first introduced, it was simply a way to make calls on the go an communicate between people. Today, it has become a way to surf the net, check emails, play games with friends across the globe, and to create and identity for yourself, to name a few functions. Users can choose a background, a ringtone, and personalize voicemails and contact pictures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Cell phones can help to make everyday lives easier by making things such as emails and business information accessible on the go.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>But with all the pluses, are of course negatives. Because cell phones have become part of us, many people don’t think twice about using cell phones while driving, increasing the numbers of fatal accidents. Cell phone users need to be more cognicent of where cell phones are used. Noise pollution is also an issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>In 2003, cell phone conversations totaled almost 830 billion minutes. Today, certain places are banning cell phones and asking people to silence their cell phones.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Review of Journal Article:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>In the journal article “Cell phone Induced Failures of Visual Attention During Stimulated driving, it examines the results of how talking on a cell phone affects simulated driving. The findings of the study are that using a mobile phone while driving distracts the driver from fully being able to focus on the road, and drivers who used cell phones were more likely to look directly at a road sign or such and not remember it later.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bibliography:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt">Javadi, K. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href="http://www.askkia.com/articles/societal-impact-of-wireless-technology-on-society.html">http://www.askkia.com/articles/societal-impact-of-wireless-technology-on-society.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt">(n.d.). Retrieved from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt">(n.d.). Retrieved from <a href="http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leon/409as2006/wong/visualattention.pdf">http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leon/409as2006/wong/visualattention.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt">Nash, J., & , Initials. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href="http://www.suite101.com/content/cell-phone-history-a47053">http://www.suite101.com/content/cell-phone-history-a47053</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#262626;letter-spacing:2.0pt;mso-font-kerning:.5pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0