Sunglasses

Sunglasses-By Sarah King

Introduction-Sunglasses are forms of eye wear that typically provide protection from the suns rays. Sunglasses can protect eyes from UV rays that can be harmful. Healthcare professionals often recommend wearing some sort of eye protection while outdoors, as the suns rays can often be damaging to the human eye. Today, medical experts recommend wearing sunglasses that can filter out %99-100 of UV rays.

History-The first account of “sunglasses” being used can date back to prehistoric times, when Inuit people wore flatten, walrus ivory “glasses” that had slits to block out the sun. In the 12^th century, or possibly earlier, sunglasses made fro

m flat panes of smoky quartz were used in China. James Asycough is accredited with the invention of sunglasses, although the devices he first invented were not intended to block the rays of the sun. he thought that by using black, blue or green tinted lenses, he could

correct vision problems. This was in the mid 18^th century, around 1752. In the early 1900’s many celebri

ties started using tinted lenses. It was thought that this was to disguise their identity from fans, but another reason given is that celebrities’ eyes were often red from the powerful lamps that were used then in moviemaking. Sunglasses, however, still remain very popular long after the powerful lamps were replaced.

Biography of Inventor: Very little is know about James Asycough, including his birth date. He died in 1759. James Asycough was an optician and an inventor of scientific instruments. He had a shop in London between 1740 and 1759. Around the year 1752, he introduced spectacles with double-hinged sidepieces.

Impact on the World Today: Today, sunglasses provide protection against UV rays, which can cause cataracts, snow blindness and various forms of eye cancers. Other uses of sunglasses can include people using them to hide abnormal appearances of the eyes, including blindness, cross-eyes and other abnormalities. Sunglasses can be used in outdoor sports, such as volleyball or skiing. However, these sunglasses must have special features, such as shatterproof and impact-resistance.

Different Styles: There are many different types of sun

glasses. One is called aviator, which usually have oversize teardrop shaped lenses held in place by a thin metal frame. The Ray-Ban Company introduced these in 1936. Clip-on glasses are simply a form of tinted glasses that can be clipped on the regular ey

eglasses for protection from the sun. Flip up sunglasses allow the wearer to flip pup the tinted lens, which makes these great for indoor use. Mirrored sunglasses have a metallic, partially reflected coating on the lenses. These glasses improve the ability to see contrasts. Oversized sunglasses were very fashionable in the 1980’s, and were made popular by Jackie Kennedy. Shutter Shades were used to decrease the amount of sun exposure that took place, not to filter the sunlight. These were inspired by the Inuit’s take on sunglasses. Wraparound sunglasses have one, smooth, semi-circular lens that covers both eyes. These sunglasses’ main use is in sports.

Journal Article:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6935b57b72564a9cf75123e8f1f5be19&searchtype=a

In this journal article, the dangers of UV rays and the protection needed are discussed. In this article, it is discussed that certain sunglass lenses may not provide the right protection from the UV rays. In the journal article, it also discuss’ the current standards that are set for sunglasses.

Sources:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH0-44MFXSK-B&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1737086498&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6935b57b72564a9cf75123e8f1f5be19&searchtype=a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses

http://new-invention.blogspot.com/2008/01/invention-of-sunglasses.html

Race to the moon! … Again?? - By Kelby Fruecht

(Above is an astronaut looking for Helium 3)

Introduction:

On earth, we would say that gold or platinum is the most rare and valuable substance on our planet. We think that there is no other substance out there that can be more priceless? Well, just recently a discovery was made that puts platinum and gold in second and third place in order to make room for a material called Helium 3. Helium 3 is not your everyday helium gas that we fill up balloons with. In fact, Helium 3 is a solid, and most importantly it is a substance that can change the way we use and develop nuclear power. We have known about Helium 3 in lunar rocks for roughly 50 years now, but in recent studies with testing Helium 3 in nuclear fusion, the possibilities of a new main source of energy has been found.

(above is a picture of Helium 3 during reaction)

Discovery:

There are many people to give credit too in the discovery of helium 3, but most of the credit in my opinion should go to the astronauts who went on the moonmissions and collected the samples, the researchers at the University of Wisconsin, and N.A.S.A. An astronaut, Harrison Schmitt, wrote about his experience actually collecting the samples of rocks, he states, “A sample of soil from the rim of Camelot crater slid from my scoop into a Teflon bag to begin its trip to Earth with the crew of Apollo 17. Little did I know at the time, on December 13, 1972, that sample 75501, along with samples from Apollo 11 and other missions, would provide the best reason to return to the moon in the 21st century.” The discovery can now lead to yet another race to the moon, except this time the race is to see who will be the first to mine the helium 3 and bring it back to earth. Through analysis, they have determines that there is about 1,000,000 tons of helium 3 under the crust of the moon. This has been determined to be true from the Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 and U.S.S.R. Luna 16, and 20 samples.

Here is a overview video behind helium 3:

http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/sci-trek-helium-3-fusion/

The difference between Fission and Fusion, How does it work?

(above shows the main difference between fission and fusion when they react)

Up till today, nuclear reactors have used nuclear fission to produce energy. The way nuclear fission harvests energy is by splitting one atom into two atoms. They do this by splitting atoms of uranium with high-energy neutrons. This produces very large amounts of energy in the form of heat, which heats water to form steam, and then spins turbines to generate electricity. The downside to fission is that it gives off dangerous amounts of radiation and radioactive waste in the form of nuclear rods, which have to be stored underground in desolate areas about forever.

In nuclear fusion however, the way it works is the exact same way except backwards. It produces energy when two atoms come together and under high temperature and pressure, they fuse together to become one, and the products are huge amounts of energy, neutrons, and helium gas. The best part about helium 3 fusion is that you have no radiation or radioactive waste that you have to worry about. So you’re left with abundant amounts of energy and no worries.

Now to explain all the specifics and science behind how it works below I decided to post a video to help best in understanding fission and fusion:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNthR4lGjJQ

Impact on World/Humanity:

The significance of Helium 3 is crucially important as a means of an energy resource for the entire globe. It would not only provide as a way for new energy to replace resources which may be depleting, but also will give little to no toxic waste or radioactive by-product. This would deplete the need to use oil or any other types of energy that give off harmful waste products. Big cities and factories would no longer have air that is bad quality. It would affect every single aspect of our lives, you would be able to fill up your car by change, and even food would be cheaper because transportation of all goods would be cheaper. There is about ten times more energy that is available through helium 3 than in all the other sources of energy put together. This opportunity to have the most powerful and abundant energy resource in existence is something that shouldn’t be looked over.

Journal Article Review: Race to the Moon for Nuclear Fuel

(above is a visualization of what mining on the moon could look like)

The article talks about how the discovery of Helium 3 in fusion reactions is now making a race to the moon after seeing the capabilities of helium 3. It also talks about the N.A.S.A. moon base that they are planning on building and how it can open up the possibilities to mine helium 3. The reason that they are wanted to get it from the moon is because it is extremely rare on earth due to our atmosphere which blocks the solar rays that make helium 3. The moon on the other hand, doesn’t have an atmosphere, so after about 4 billion years of the sun hitting the moon, it is verified that there is a massive abundance of helium 3 on the moon. Whoever is the first to conquer the moon by putting the first base up there, will be the first to reek the benefits to such a powerful energy resource.

For anyone who is interested, I actually found a game about the Helium 3 race and it’s actually pretty cool! Check it out on the link below:

http://www.yourdiscovery.com/games/helium3/

Citations:

• Freudenrich, C. (n.d.). How Nuclear Fusion Reactors Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from science.howstuffworks.com/fusion-reactor1.htm

• Lasker, J. (2006, December 15). Race to the Moon for Nuclear Fuel . Wired.com . Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.wired.com/science/space/news/2006/12/72276

• Schmitt, H. (n.d.). Mining the Moon. Datapages - Search and Discovery. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.searchanddiscovery.

PDF files:

http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031306-122626/unrestricted/IQP.pdf

http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/presentations/glk_isdc.pdf

http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/gallery/pdf/space_com063000.pdf

Pictures:

http://www.quantum.physik.uni-mainz.de/AGHeil/jobs.html

http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture14/sunshine.html

The Invention of the Wheel Chair- Brooke Mastmeier

I. Introduction: The Wheel chair is a chair with wheels that is used as a replacement for those who can’t walk due to injury or illness. There are many variations of the wheel chair. There are some that are propelled by motors and some that are used by the hand of the seated occupant.

Figure 1:



II. History: The earliest records of the wheel chair dated back to the 6th century, they were seen through Chinese inscriptions. The best illustrated wheel chair was invented for King Philip II of Spain back in 1565. The drawing shows the king in his chair with wheels, armrests, and footrests. In 1665, Stephan Farfler came up with a self propelled wheel chair. The Chair was propelled by hand cranks attached to the front wheel. Then in 1783, John Dawson, came up with the “Dawson Bath Chair. His design eventually began to develop and change. And by the 19th century, wheelchairs became more comfortable and less burdensome.

III. Types of Wheel Chairs: Everyday manual wheel chairs- Some of these chairs have permanently welded joints and many fewer moving parts. The Rigid chairs typically feature instant-release rear wheels and backrests that fold down flat. There are various accessories that could be added on the chair, such as: safety belts, tilt or recline features, or carrying devices for crutches or oxygen tanks. Manual chairs require human power to move them. Many of them can be folded to fit into a vehicle.

Electric powered- This chair is control by an electric motor and navigational controls, usually a small joystick on the armrest. For people who can’t manage the hand joy stick, head switches and chin operated joysticks may also be used.
Figure 2:



IV. Access and Mobility: It is necessary to add ramps and elevators to public areas for people who are using a wheel chair. In the USA most new construction for public use must be built to ADA standards of accessibility. With the aging of the population, architects will now design wheel chairs ramps for private homes. Other important adaptations to private homes would be larger bathroom doors, and accessibility to showers and bathtubs.
Figure 3:



V. Journal Article: Couch, R. H. (1992). Ramps Not Steps: A Study of Accessibility Preferences. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 58(1), 65+. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002177982
This Journal Article is about the accessibility of the wheel chair in public places, and the laws that have been passed to encourage the accessibility. Also that people using his invention have been fighting barriers interfering with its use.


VI. References:
1.Couch, R. H. (1992). Ramps Not Steps: A Study of Accessibility Preferences. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 58(1), 65+. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002177982
2.History of the Wheel Chair. (n.d.). Content Caboodle. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://www.contentcaboodle.com/news-and-society/history-of-the-wheelchair.html
3.Wheelchair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair

Figure 1: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rollingwheelchairs.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/manual-wheelchair.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rollingwheelchairs.net/&usg=__W_dKtaChtX37K2A-JTxTVNHhC1o=&h=300&w=300&sz=12&hl=en&start=0&sig2=rn_GaR7a7MRZ4xDUFZgsVw&zoom=1&tbnid=a-Sh0DI5rHdVeM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=124&ei=a9O9TbX2IIbcgQefyYC0Bw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwheel%2Bchair%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=116&vpy=164&dur=703&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=149&ty=110&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Figure 2: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mobilitysales.com/products/mobility-product-images/Invacare-Power-Wheel-Chair-side1-4a1466021dc90-invacare-M51-power-chair.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.abilitycenter.com/powerchairs.php&usg=__IqqYOlkR5dO__IiGFr3C-W6Hl5Q=&h=250&w=250&sz=8&hl=en&start=14&sig2=ldojxis4-c3C0yMM-DFzlw&zoom=1&tbnid=MgZGNSOn8FGmxM:&tbnh=156&tbnw=147&ei=NtO9TfqAAYb00gHYoP3gBQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectric%2Bwheelchair%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch0%2C184&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=139&vpy=189&dur=812&hovh=200&hovw=200&tx=114&ty=165&page=2&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:14&biw=1003&bih=500

Figure 3: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.conie.com/images/clip_wheelChairRamp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.conie.com/project.php&usg=__UJq06qexWaEo1KXSWDQsjuAwvWc=&h=432&w=576&sz=36&hl=en&start=0&sig2=78eKu3yeHJhYyJ2azIJpgQ&zoom=1&tbnid=ZCpG1eGuFPXWpM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=132&ei=xdO9TYncN8nKgQfZuMyOBw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwheel%2Bchair%2Bramp%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGLL_enUS317US317%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D500%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=224&vpy=195&dur=1266&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=183&ty=82&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0

Baseball by Sammy Bozza

I. Introduction.

Baseball, also called “America’s pastime” is a thinking man’s game. It is one of the few sports in which time is not a factor. The object of baseball is to score more runs than the other team. To achieve this, one would have to hit the baseball with a baseball bat to get on base. The teammate behind him in the batting order would then try to advance him by doing the same thing.

II. History.
Americans began playing baseball on informal teams in the early 1800s. By the 1860s, the sport was obtained the name “America’s Pastime” because it was unrivaled by any other sport at the time. The modern baseball field was invented by Alexander Cartwright in New York, in 1845. Alexander Cartwright and the members of his Baseball club, the New York Knickerbockers, created the first rules and regulations for the modern game of baseball. Baseball was based on the English game of rounders. Rounders became popular in the United States in the early 19th century and was called many different things like "townball", "base", or "baseball". “The first recorded baseball game was on June 19, 1846 when Alexander Cartwright's Knickerbockers lost to the New York Baseball Club.” The game was held at the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players, the first organized baseball league was formed.

Figure 2. Bat comparisons

III. Inventor.
Alexander Joy Cartwright was born on April 17, 1820 in New York. “He was a member of the New York Knickerbockers Fire Fighting Brigade in 1842.” In 1845 while working at the Knickerbockers fire station, Alexander became involved in playing town ball. They found a playing field, Elysian Field, across the Hudson River in Hoboken New Jersey that charged $75 a year to rent. To pay these fees, He organized a baseball club called The Knickerbockers to collect money for the rental of the field. The Knickerbockers became an official team on September 23, 1845. Cartwright also invented the rules for baseball which are the backbone for today’s rules. These include the distance between bases, balls and strikes, and so on. In 1849, Cartwright headed west in the climax of the California gold rush to search for fortune When he arrived in California however, he became ill with dysentery and decided that he would not stay in California. He then made the decision to move to Honolulu, Hawaii where he introduced the island to baseball. “During his stay in Hawaii, Cartwright became a notable citizen. He founded the library and fire department. In Honolulu, there is a street named in his honor as well as a ballpark.” Alexander Cartwright died on July 12th, 1892 at the age of 72. He was buried in Hawaii.

Figure 3. Alexander Cartwright

IV. Baseball Today.
Baseball in the modern-era is still based on the rules and regulations of Alexander Cartwright, but many adjustments have been made to them. The MLB is a multi-billion dollar organization that is ran by the commissioner Bud Selig. There are a total of 30 teams in the MLB and about 180 minor-league teams. There is also more diversity in modern baseball as many players try to make it to the MLB from different countries such as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Jackie Robinson is known for being the first non-white person to play professional baseball. There is also more conflict today in baseball than any other time in history. These problems mainly come from the abuse of performing-enhancing drugs such as steroids. A famous case is the Barry Bonds trial who is accused of lying under oath by saying he has never taken any drugs.

Figure 4. Barry Bonds

V. Journal Article
This article tells you just about everything you need to know about the history of baseball. It talks briefly about Alexander Cartwright, but goes way into detail about how the game had advanced throughout the years.

VI. List of References
1. Baseball. (2011). (P. V. Ueberroth, Rev.). The New Book of Knowledge. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Grolier Online http://nbk.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=a2002380-h
2. Alexander Cartwright-Founder of baseball (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2011. http://open-site.org/Sports/Baseball/History/Biographies/Cartwright,_Alexander
3. The History of Baseball (2011) retrieved May 1, 2011.
http://www.rpi.edu/~fiscap/history_files/history1.htm
4.Baseball. (2011). (J. Benagh, Rev.). Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0026560-0

The Discovery of the Krebs Cycle By: Blake Werab

I. Introduction
The Krebs cycle, or the citric acid cycle, was discovered in 1937 by a German man named Hans Adolf Krebs. Krebs is not only known for the Krebs cycle but he is also known by the urea cycle. The urea cycle is where animals convert toxic waste nitrogen to urea which can then be exerted. These discovery were huge to the science revolution and they made a big impact to how we understand life and its components.
II. Discovery
As I said above the Krebs cycle was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in the year of 1937. The Krebs cycle occurs in an aerobic organism that is part of the metabolic pathway where it converts carbohydrates into water and carbon dioxide for usable energy in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle starts with a glucose molecule and that glucose molecule is broken up due to the process of glycolysis into two pyruvates or pyruvic acids. Glyciolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Remember, the Krebs cycle must go around two times to create one PGAL or G3P (glyceroldeyhde 3 phosphate). The next step of the Krebs cycle is the pyruvate joins with CoA, or coenzyme A, and forms a two carbon molecule called an acetyl group. After this acetyl group is formed, it joins with a four carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid forming a six carbon molecule called citric acid. This is why the Krebs cycle is also referenced as the citric acid cycle. Throughout theKrebs cycle carbon dioxide molecules are released. For example, when the citric acid is oxidized back to Oxaloacetic acid it releases two carbon dioxide molecules becuase a six carbon molecule to a four carbon molecule realeses two carbons with resuts to two carbon dioxide molecules being released. WHen the Krebs cycle goes around ATP, NADH, FADH2 molecules are formed. Throughout two cycles of the Krebs cycle one is left with 4 ATP molecules, 10 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules. Now, needed for cellualr respiration it is around 36-38 ATP molecules. So, you say how am I supposed to get 36-39 ATPs when I now only have 4? Well, when these molecules are brought down the electron transport chain each NADH molecules makes 3 ATP molecules. Also, each FADH2 molecule accounts for 2 ATP molecules. Now, if you do the math you have 4 ATPs+ 30 ATPs+4 ATPs which makes 38 ATP molecules!
Figure 1:

III. Biography of Investigator
The investigator and founder of the Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle was Hans Adolf Krebs. Hans was born in Hildesheim, Germany in the year of 1900. Krebs, at the age of 32 years old, joined the German army despited him being of the Jewish religion. In 1933, Hans went to studying medicine and the urea cycle at the University of Freiburg. He then had to flee Germany due to his Jewish religion and he then went to England. Hans was then invited to Cambridge to study with Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. He finished research of the urea cycle in 1932 and he finished his reasearch of the Krebs cycle in 1937 at the University of Sheffield. He then was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1953 and Hans was also knighted in 1958. It then was the year of 1981 when this point comes to everybody at a time in their life, Hans Adolf Krebs died. It's sad but when he was living he lived a beautifully long life in the fields of the sciences. (Which is awesome, of course.)
Figure 2:
IV. Impact on World Society The Krebs cycle has by no doubt change the scientific view of cellular respiration. People used to view eating foods and them giving you energy and used to think nothing of it. Now we know why if a little kid eats a candy bar why he gets so hyper because in the mitochondrion of the kid he is going through the process of the Krebs cycle and these sugars are converted into energy that we can use for our cells and their functions for everyday life.
V. Journal Article Review This journal article gives examples of all the labs that the scientists undertook. It first explains the Krebs cycle and then it later goes onto how their experiments prove the points stated during the explanation of the Krebs cycle. I know this article is very hard to understand and it has a very long title but it gives examples of the Krebs cycle outside of the textbook. It gives examples of how the contribution of gucogenogenesis and glycogenolysis to glucose and how it can change the carbon exchange at the beginning of the Krebs cycle.

Journal: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/113206/scanned-page/1309
VI. Videos
1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw
2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcRm3MB3OKw&feature=related

VII. References/Sources
1) Krebs, H. A., The History of The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Perspect Biol. Med, 14: 166-167. (1970). Retrieved from: http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195305753/pdf/Hans_Krebs_Citric_Acid.pdf

2) Reagan, Doran, Steps of the Krebs Cycle. (1999) Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5262273_steps-krebs-cycle.html

3) A Consoli, F Kennedy, J Miles, J Gerich. Determination of Krebs cycle metabolic carbon exchange in vivo and its use to estimate the individual contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to overall glucose output in man. (1987) Retrieved from: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/113206/scanned-page/1303

Jenny Riebesell's Blog: Glass Blowing!

Glass Blowing!
Introduction:
Glassblowing is a glass forming technique which was invented by the Phoenicians at approximately 50 BC. The evidence of the earliest glassblowing were found from waste of an old glass workshop, which were mainly findings of fragrance glass tubes and tiny glass bottles, thought to be used for religious waters and oils. The studio glass movement of 1962 began the popularity of glass blowing as an art. This is when Harvey Littleton,  a ceramics professor, and Dominick Labino,  a chemist and engineer, held workshops at the Toledo Museum of Art, where they started experimenting with melting glass in a small  furnace and creating blown glass art. 

Discovery: 
A major breakthrough in glassmaking was the discovery of glassblowing, between 27 BC and AD 14, attributed to Syrian craftsmen from the Sidon-Babylon area. The long  metal tube used to blow the glass has changed very little since then, so the techniques need to blow glass is relatively the same, and if anything has just gotten easier as the time as gone on. In the last century BC, the ancient Romans then began blowing glass inside moulds, greatly increasing the variety of shapes possible for hollow glass items. Although glass blowing can be a dangerous task, many people enjoy the beautiful and unique products from them, making it a skill many people are passionate about.

Inventor:

Dominick Labino was an internationally-known scientist, inventor, artist and master craftsman in glass. Labino's art works in glass are in the permanent collections of more than 100 museums throughout the world. Dominick Labino was trained as an engineer at the Carnegie Institute of Technology  and began his professional career in Illinois.  Having always worked with glass, he wanted more ways he could produce creative pieces unlike any other. Dominick Labino then worked with Harvey Littleton and worked with mastering of melting glass for some time, he then had the idea of glass blowing when he saw an air bubble trapped in a small piece of the melting glass. The two glass makers then greated a long metal device to help blow air into glass. This was now the start of glass blowing as an art.

Impact on the Human World:

Glass blowing is an art that has been loved by people for many years. From making this as small as ornaments and bottles, to major glass statues; glass blowing is adored by many artist. Any thing that adds something new to the art industry is the main topic for discussion for some time, however with glass blowing since it has been around for sometime, it is always popular with art because of its unique and individual items.

Journal Review: 

"Artists Experiment With Glassblowing" is a Journal article written in 1964, shortly after glass blowing became a popular art. The article discribes the techniques used for glass blowing and all the fantastic new pieces that are now able to be in the art world. The article explains that after they would finish a piece they would display it for sometime, because of how interested people would be in the beauty that could be made with glass. This show how excited people were for this when it was first discovered and is still lasting now. 

 

Bibliography:

"Artists Experiment With Glassblowing" from Wisconsin State Journal, 1964 July 12 . Harvey K. Littleton papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Thrall, A. (n.d.). A brief history of glass blowing. Retrieved from http://www.neder.com/glassact/history.html  

Wertheimer, J. (n.d.). History of glass blowing. Retrieved from http://www.glassblowing.com/hotglass/history.php 

 

The Internet

The Internet

Figure 1

Introduction:

How many people get home from school and immediately sit down at there computer and use the internet? You use it for Facebook, homework, video games, and email. Most people would be lost without the internet. I know I would. But does any one know how the internet was invented? Or how the internet has improved todays medical technology?

Discovery:

What is the internet. The internet is a global connection network that is interconnected buy fiber optic cabling to thousands of networks. The internet was brought into the world in 1965 and would change your world forever. The internet was originally designed to be used by the military during the Cold War but was soon used buy scientist to communicated to each other about there discoveries. The military need a way to communicate with universities with out being disrupted by bombs and or spies. The form of internet that was to solve this problem was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks). The make the ARPANET scientist used the basic design of the telephone network and added Packet Switching to it. Packet Switching divides the data into small blocks. Each block or packet can take a different path then the others to get to the destination were the blocks are reassembled into the original message. In September 1969 the first Packet switched computer network was installed at UCLA. By December three more had been installed in the United States. The internet started to grow rapidly in popularity and by 1971, the same year email was invented, there were 15 computer networks set up at major universities all over the United States. In Hawaii scientist created the ALOHAnet that allowed the many small islands of Hawaii to communicate with each other. This network became the first multi-access networks that, using radio technology, allowed users to share a single broadcasting medium. In 1980 a company called BITNET (Because it's Time NETwork) became the first email provider. Soon the internet had gone from a nationwide infrastructure to an international phenomenon. In the early 1980's set up an organization with the goal of bringing the internet to all French citizens. In the 1990's the world saw the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW). Over the next few years the internet saw major changes (mostly in speed) and by the end of the 1990's almost the entire world was connected to the internet.


http://www.inventionreaction.com/famous-inventions/Internet

Influence on the World:

As technology continues to advance as does the internet. The internet can now be used many diffident ways such as on cell phones or video game consoles. Today we use the internet for almost very thing. We can, talk to other people, pay taxes, get a college degree, and host business meetings through a video chat. The creation of search engines allows users to find information quickly and easily. The internet has even helped to save lives. Because of the internet doctors can get test results and important information faster therefor saving peoples lives by starting treatments earlier.

Inventor:

The Internet does not have a solo inventor and is made the way it is today by every person that has ever used the internet.

Journal Article:

In the journal article How the Internet Infrastructure Works Jeff Tyson explains how the internet grew and all of the different pieces need for it to work. This article is a great help to anyone who would like to find out how the internet works.


http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-infrastructure1.htm